Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/199

 VII. The conjunctive after verbs of permission: “(It is not permitted) to indulge in (love in the temple)” = gumawa- yakĕna.

VIII. The conjunctive after verbs of doubt and hesitation : “(Do not hesitate) to practise (the holy Samaya)” = gumawa-yakĕna.

88. The Optative is either an imperative, or else it makes use of special auxiliary verbs, or, most frequently, the above-mentioned particles of emphasis, ma, mama, lah, malah, etc. — Illustration, Mkb., from the Manjau Ari: “May he quickly grow big !” — Quickly “lah” big = dareh lah gadaṅ.

89. The Potential has the formative maka-, which has a considerable distribution, being found in the Philippines, Celebes, and Madagascar. — Illustration, Bont., from the Story of the Stars: “But he cannot fly” = But not can fly = ya adi makatayaw. — Or else auxiliary verbs meaning “can” are used, e.g. in Karo banci. — Illustration, from the Story of the Glutton: “What then can (one) do ?” = kuga kin banci bahan.

90. The modal shade of meaning represented by “I will” is often expressed by the future, which in Nias for example has the formative da-; or by the conjunctive ; or by means of auxiliary verbs meaning “will”, e.g. in Gayo male. Illustrations. Nias, from the Story of the Old Cat: “Where is the old thing, I want to kick it to death” = Where old + one, “da” + I + kick + dead = hezo nina, da-u-hundrago. Gayo, from the small vignettes: " I will turn back " = aku male ulak.

91. The modal shades of meaning represented by “must, shall, may” are rendered by paraphrases like “it is necessary, it is good, it is seemly”, etc.; and this type of phrase is so widely distributed that we must style it Common IN. Illustration, Toba, from the Sangmaima: “The spear Siringis must not get lost” = Not good, lost + go s. S. = naso tupa maga hujur Siriṅis.