Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/197

Rh Old Jav., from Mpu Tanakung's Prosody: “ Do hurry!” = D. h. you = ta iṅgal kita. Bont., from the Story of the Brothers and the Rat: “ Do let us go into my house!” = Do go we i. h. m. = ta umüy tako is afoṅ ko. Day., from the Story of the Inner Bark of the Tree: “ Well,” said Hatalla, “ be it so!” = has, koan Hatalla, jadi.

84. Later on we shall meet with a widespread particle ma, mo, mě, ma-ma, ma-lah, etc., which serves to emphasize the predicate. It is also used extremely often with the imperative. Illustrations. Toba, from the Sangmaima: “ Prepare provisions!” = bahen ma bohal. Mkb., from the Manjau Ari: “ Do smoke tobacco!“ = isoq malah santo. Mak., from the Epic Maqdi: “ Only say it (and we will act according to your words) ” = Say only = maqkana mama.

85. The IN languages have two kinds of negatives, one for the indicative and another for the imperative. This phenomenon is so widespread that we must call it Common IN. Thus Masaretese has the two negatives mohe and bara.—Illustrations. Masaretese, from the Garuda Story: “ His children did not grow big ” = His children the not big = rinenake ariat ro mohe haat; “ Do not be malicious!” = Not you m. = bara kimi walekuk.

But in many IN languages the prohibitive negative takes the indicative, not the imperative. In Hova “ to rule ” is, in the indicative, mandzáka, the imperative is mandzaká < mandzaka + a. Now in the Testament of Umbiasa we find: “ Do not rule with the flesh, rule with the spirit! ” = aza mandzáka ami ni mifu, mandzaká ami ni fanahi.

86. The Conjunctive. Only a few IN languages have a formative for this mood; it is, therefore, not a Common IN phenomenon. Frequently it is not expressed at all; or else only by means of auxiliary words of form, such as the Mal. baraṅ, “ possibly ”. Special conjunctive formatives exist in particular in Old Jav. and Bont., the former using -a, the latter -ed, or after a vowel -d. As already mentioned, the formative -um- my also be used to form the conjunctive; that occurs in Tontb.