Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/196

 184 it is also used to form imperatives as well, e.g. in Tontb. Illustration, from the Dirge for the Dead Mother: "Step down here !" = tumuli mai. — In Tag. -umn- is the regular formative of the imperative, the indicative having a different one. — Illustration, from Tell: "Quick, old man, set to work!" = dali, matanda, gumawa.

80. We know that the IN languages have no word corresponding to the Indo-European copula "to be". Therefore sentences in which, in our languages, the copula forms, or introduces, the predicate, have no verb in IN. In such cases the imperative is expressed merely by intonation. Illustration, Mentaway, from the Fishermen's Stories : "Be my bride!" = Bride my you = madi ku äkäw.

81. The imperative of the causative is analogous to that of the active. In Hova maturi is "to sleep", mampaturi, "to cause to sleep"; the corresponding imperatives are: maturia and mampaturia. In Bug. the causative patĕtton is both indicative and imperative. — Illustration, from the first executioner's story in the Injilai: "Erect it (= the house) at midday!" = At midday of day the you erect it = ri tĕnĕsso na ĕssow e mu patĕtton i.

82. The imperative of the passive has the formative -en, in Tag. -in, in Toba -on, in conformity with the phonetic laws already stated. This formative has a considerable distribution, being found in the languages of the Philippines, Northern Celebes, Java, and Sumatra. — Illustrations. Tag., from Tell : " Forget it now (and live only for joy) !" = Must + be + forgotten by + you = limutin mo. Tontb., from the first Vampire Story: " Let us only look for crabs !" = Must + be + sought by -f us only c. = umuṅĕn ta reqe komaṅ. Toba, from the Sangmaima: "What then must be done by me?" = beha ma bahenon ku.

83. The imperative is often accompanied by particles, which make it stronger, or milder, or more polite, and so on. This usage may be called Common IN, In Old Jav. and Bont. ta is used in that way, in Day. has, etc., etc. Illustrations.