Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/195

Rh I. A fairly widely distributed formative is pa-, which in this case has, of course, no causative meaning. It is found in the Phihppines, in Magindanao; in Java, in Old Javanese; in Sumatra, in Toba; in the islands at the back of Sumatra, in Nias. —Illustrations. Old Jav., from the Kuñjarakarna: " Clasp his feet ! " = C. f. h. = pamĕkuli jön ira. Magin- danao, from Juanmarti's Collection of Dialogues: “Wake up ! I am awake already” = Awake ! Am + awake I already = ''pagedam ! nakagedam aku den''. II. Nias has the formatives a- and o-, i.e. the m of the indicative form beginning with ma- or mo- is omitted. Thus from a WB gule, “vegetables”, are formed an indicative mogule, “to cook vegetables”, and an imperative ogule. Illustration, from the Story of the Strange Cook: " Well, cook vegetables !" = lau, ogule. We have noticed on several occasions that Hova has special relations with Day. But it also shares all sorts of peculiarities with the languages of Sumatra and the islands at the back of Sumatra. Thus the Nias mode of forming the imperative is also found in Hova: from leha, “step”, are formed the indicative mandeha, “to go”, and the imperative andeha. Illustration, from Rahidy's Fable of the Crocodile: “Let us (= isika) go (and) swear blood-brotherhood !” = andeha isika himafatidra. 79. A fourth kind of imperative is constituted by using the conjunctive as an imperative. I. In Old Jav, -a forms the conjunctive, in Modern Jav.j the formations in -a are used as conjunctives and as imperatives, in the dialects of Madagascar only as imperatives. Still, even in Old Jav. we already find passages where -a has an imperative function. — Illustrations. Old Javanese, from the Āśramawasanaparwa : “Conclude an agreement!” = gumawayakĕna ṅ sandhi. Old Mlg., from the sermon Harireunau: “Assent!” = meteza hanaw (= 2nd person singular pronoun). II. We have learnt that the formative -um- produces aorists, futures, and conjunctives. Hence in some languages