Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/194

182 catives of these imperatives are manduan<man + duan and mimbit < ma + imbit. This kind of imperative formation is found in all the IN languages, and is accordingly Common IN; even languages that generally employ some other method always exhibit a few cases of the one just described. In Hova I know only the one instance: fuha, “wake up !”, the indicative of which is mifuha. — Illustrations. Old Jav., from the Kuñjarakarna: “Go, then, into the underworld !” = laku la mareṅ Yamaloka. Modern Jav., from the drama Prabu Dewa Sukma, Act I.: “And, elder brother, hasten ! ” = Ian, kakań, gupuh. Bug., from the Epigrams against Cowardice: “Retire, you cowards !” = E,. y. c. the = esaq ko kelow e. Hova, from the Oracular Formulas of Amurunkay : “Awake, oracle !” = fuha sikidi. Achinese, from the Story of the Wise Judge: “Speak the truth !” = S. with truth = kěhěn bak těpat.

77. Secondly, a very widespread mode of forming the imperative is to use the indicative as imperative without any change save in intonation. Of all the Mentaway texts the second Story of the Great Bear contains the greatest number of imperatives: there in we find formations like: “You, fish !” = äkär manuba. This manuba<man + tuba is also indicative. Alongside of it there are formations like pana, “shoot !” This pana is also indicative, so here there is nothing omitted in the imperative, as there was in the Day. duan above. — In Matthijsen's Tettum dialogues there is a passage: “Where shall I lay them ? Lay them here !” = Shall lay where ? Lay here ! = ''atu tau basa ? tau banee''. Here the same word tau is both indicative and imperative, it is a simple, underived verb. — In the Tontb. Sacrificial Prayer there is a sentence “Drink there, you gods !” = mělěp ańe, e kasuruan ; and in the Dirge for the Dead Mother we find: " It is not yet time to drink " = Not + yet time drink = raqipeq toro mělěp. Here the same form mělěp is both indicative and imperative, and it is a derived verb, formed from the WB ělěp.

78. A third mode of forming the imperative consists in the use of specific imperative formatives differing from those of the indicative and conjunctive.