Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/180

168 plurality, intensification, and the like. The following are selected cases of specifically verbal reduplication; none of them can be called Common IN. I. Mentaway has a threeford or fourfold repetition, wherein the final consonant is omitted except at the very end, when the WB appears for the last time. Illustration from the Fishermen's Stories: "He goes, wanders continually, comes to his mother" = Goes he, w. c, c. to m. his = konat ña, toro-toro-toro-torot, šägä ka ina iña. Note. —Initial š in Mentaway, as in šägä, sounds pretty much like sch in the German "schön".* II. Bug. has a threefold repetition, with the formative ka- or si- interpolated in between. — Illustrations, from the Injilai: "He went hither and thither" = na lao na ka-lao-lao. "He wept continually" = tĕrri si-tĕrri-tĕrri na.

Note. —The first na, the one before lao, means "he"; the other two are particles of emphasis. III. Mak. has a twofold repetition, with interpolation of the word of form saṅga or saṅge. — Illustration, from the Epic Maqdi: "Then were urgently summoned the four pillars of the state" = nikiyoq-m-i-saṅga-kiyoq toqdoq appak a. Note A. — The m < mo is the particle of emphasis, and i means "they", appak, "four", a, "the".

Note B. — This Mak. type of reduplication is not common. An analysis of the whole of the Maqdi only yields one case, viz. the one quoted above. In the whole of the Epic Datu Museng there are two cases: kiyoq-saṅge-kiyoq and kape-saṅge-kape, "to beckon repeatedly". IV. In several of the Philippine languages, which have a real system of moods and tenses, reduplication plays a great part, whereof we shall have to speak hereafter. Rh