Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/142

130 I. In both languages some word-bases, without the addition of any formative, may serve as adjectives: Kamb. bokul, " big "; Hova keli, " small ".

II. In both languages ma- is the chief adjectival formative: Kamb. malinu, " useful "; Hova malutu, " dirty ".

III. Both languages also use the formatives ka-, pa-, ta-, before vowels k-, p-, t-, in order to form a limited number of adjectives: Kamb. kapatan, "dark", word-base in Mal., viz. petan, " evening " ; Hova hetri < ka + etri, " growing slowly ", word-base etri, " to diminish " — Kamb. tabana, " full " ; Hova taburi, "round" — Kamb. paita, " visible "; Hova fulaka < pa + ulaka, " folded, bent ", word-base ulaka, "bend".

IV. Neither language possesses any adjectives denoting the material of which a thing consists. The substantival name of the material is simply put after the word that is to be qualified. A " stone house " is " house + stone": Kamb. uma watu; Hova tranu watu.

V. Both languages can turn the adjective into a substantive by means of the article: Kamb. na mahamu, " the good (thing) "; Hova ni marina, " the right (thing) ".

VI. After adjectives which express a state of mind the word for " mind " is added without any connecting word of form: Kamb. mahamu eti = " good + heart" = "good-hearted "; Hova afa-pu, by sandhi from afaka fu = " free + heart " = " contented ".

186. There is one IN language, and one only, that has a history, viz. Jav. The oldest phase of it is what we call Old Jav. Now it is a reasonable assumption that this Old Jav. would be particularly closely related to the Original IN. And that is really the case. By far the greater number of the phenomena which we have shown to be Common IN, and now call Original IN, are to be found in Old Jav. It is true that in the section dealing with Common IN we did not always