Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/124

 Note I.—In sida, d stands for r in accordance with the RLD-law (see § 190).

Note II.—Nias ira and ia (§ 127) only occur in certain syntactical combinations.

Note III.—Old Jav. sira is also singular.

131. The plural pronoun ra and the honorific particle ra (§§ 91 seqq.) are identical. We have a parallel in the Karo pronoun kena. This is the pronoun of the second person plural, “ you ”, without any nuance of politeness, but it can also be used in addressing a single person, and then it is polite.

132. The demonstrative pronoun. Amongst the numerous demonstrative pronouns of the several individual IN languages we may pronounce itu, “ this ”*, to be Common IN. It is a combination of the two articles i and tu.

The pronoun “ this ”. Phihppines, Bis.: ito — Celebes, Tontb.: itu — Borneo, Bol.: itu — Java, Sund.: itu — Sumatra, Bĕsĕmah: itu — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: itu — Madagascar, Hova: itu — Northern Border, Form.: iχo.

Note.—Form, iχo with χ,† as in the parallel: maχa, “ eye ”, spelt magcha, beside Common IN mata; for other examples see § 151 ad fin.

133. The interrogative pronoun. The Common IN form is apa, “ what ”, which consists of the article a and the nucleus pa.

The pronoun “ what ”. Philippines, Pamp.: apa — Celebes, Mak.: apa — Java, Old Jav.: apa — Sumatra, Karo: apa, “ anything ”, apai, “ which ” — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: apa — Eastern Border, Laoranese: apa — South-Western Border, Mentaway: apa.

Note.—Pamp. apa serves only as a word-base for forming verbal derivatives, which mean “ to go and see how (or what) a thing is ”, e.g., maṅapa. Hereto we have the parallel case * Or “ that ”: the force varies in the different languages, e.g. in Bol. and Hova it means “ this ”, in Mal. “ that ”.

† The Formosan sound written ch is most probably the velar spirant resembling the ch in the German “ wachen,” commonly rendered by χ-