Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/120

108 interpreted, I cannot say: I can only point to the parallel fact that Bug. ajaq, "lest", also has a q, while Old Jav. aja has not

113. Specimen sentence with a negative: Bont., Kolling, near the end: "Come thou down, that we may eat! Then came he not" = Down, thou, that eat we; then not = banad ka ta maṅan tako; isaed adi.

114. Among the conjunctions we can hardly discover a case that we may venture to call Common IN. Though the conjunction pa is very widely distributed, it has such very different meanings in the several languages that the matter becomes quite uncertain.

Words of Substance.

115. Words of substance — verbs, substantives and adjectives — are mostly disyllabic. They contain a monosyllabic material nucleus, which we call the root, and a formative element ; or else they are formed by the reduphcation of the root, or by the union of two different roots. It seldom happens that the monosyllabic root by itself does duty as a word of substance, like kan in § 51.

116. We will now, in the first place, take an individual joot and show that it is Common IN, choosing for that purpose the root suh, "to enter, to force oneself into, to strike into", and the like.

Root suk. Phihppines, Pamp.: tusuk, "to pierce through" — Celebes, Mak. : usuq < usuk, "to pierce with a needle" — Borneo, Day.: masok, "to enter, to become". — Java, Old Jav. : asuk, "to bring into" — Sumatra, Karo: pasuk, "to knock in" — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: masuq, "to enter, to take sides with a party, to be on a person's side" — Madagascar, various dialects: isuka, "to become engaged".

117. In accordance with the method dehneated in the Introduction, we may pronounce the following roots, amongst others, to be Common IN : kan, root for word-bases signifying