Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/119

 Rh Border and Madagascar to the dubitative a of the preceding paragraph, we may pronounce this particle to be Common IN.

109. Specimen sentence with an a dubitativum, used conjmictively : Old Jav., Mahābhārata, Āśramawasanaparwa, 13 : "It is not seemly that thou shouldst come with us" = Not seemly, thou shouldst-come- with with us = tan yogya kita milwa ri kami. — The indicative is milu, the conjunctive milwa < milu + a. — An a dubitativum, used to limit the force of the verb: Kamberese, from the Story of the Civetcat: "Come here, we wish to deliberate a little !" = Come thou, we deliberate a little only! = mai kaw, ta bataṅ hakudu a.

110. The negative. Among the negatives of the several IN languages, di, either standing by itself or used as the nucleus of a word, has the widest distribution; we therefore style di Common IN.

The negative di, "not". Philippines, Tag.: di — Celebes, Bolaang-Mongondou: diya — Borneo, Day. : dia — Near Java, Mad.: ĕnjaq — Sumatra, Sĕraway: ĕndiaq — Malay Peninsula, Mai.: jaṅan — Madagascar, Hova : dia-hue, "not so".

111. Here we have a Common IN nucleus di, which is mostly accompanied by a formative a, hence Day. dia, Bont. adi. For this attendant a we have many parallels in IN. In several languages there is also a negative ti (which, by the way, does not result by phonetic law from di), as well as another negative ta; and beside these short forms we find in Bulu a form tiya < ti + a, and in Mentaway a form ata < a + ta.

This attendant a is the article a; that appears from the following parallel: The Bug. negative is deq, but the Wajorese dialect of Bug. says deq-sa, and sa is a weak demonstrative in Bug.

112. In Mai. janan < di + aṅan and in Mad. ĕnjaq < ĕn + di + aq, as the Sĕraway still says, the i before the vowel a was first weakened into the consonantal y as in Day. yaku < i + aku (§ 44), and then d + y became j. — How the q in Sĕraway ĕndiaq and Mad. ĕnjaq, beside Day. dia, is to be