Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/107

Rh togi < tog + i, “to conduct to a place”, with, o for e in con-formity with the law: “Common IN pepet appears in Toba as o”.— For Borneo, too, we have similar evidence: we merely add that rugi also exists in Day.

Note. — It will be seen in § 156 that the formative element -i serves to make transitive verbs, and it accords with this principle that the word togi is transitive, whereas anteg is intransitive. 67. The conclusion to be drawn from the facts set out in §§ 65 and 66 is: The languages of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula in an earlier stage of their development also used the mediae as finals. 68. The third group comprises the languages which tolerate all the consonants as finals, including the mediae. To this group belong languages of the Philippines, Celebes, Java, and the Northern and South-Western Borders. But even in these the use of the mediae as finals is not of very frequent occur-rence, so we shall not rest content with asking the reader to glance at the dictionaries, but will give a few actual details of the matter. 69. We meet with final medias more frequently in Old Jav. and the Philippine languages than elsewhere. Ex-amples : “To manage, to take pains over” " : Old Jav.kĕpug, Bis. kopog. “Model, pattern” " : Old Jav. tulad, Pamp. tulad. “To conceal” : Old Jav. kubkub, Pamp. kubkub. Note. — Phonetic law: “Common IN ě and Common IN u become o in Bis.”, hence kopog. 70. Examples from the languages of Celebes: Ponosakan bowog < bobog, beside Jav. bog, “to strike”. Tonsea tuud, beside Old Jav. tuwed, " “stump of a tree”. Tonsawang kokob, beside Old Jav. kubkub, “to conceal” . Note. — For the correspondence of u and wĕ in tuud: tuwĕd we have a parallel in Mal. laut: Karo lawĕt, " sea ". It must