Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/33

Apr them). They must, however, have been borrowed long before the beginning of our era, since the p in apla- has, in accordance with the permutation of consonants, originated in a prehistoric b;   aball, uball,  obůlys,  alŭko, ‘apple.’ As nothing testifies to the Aryan origin of these oblu- cognates (in  mâlum-  μῆλον), found only in the North of Europe, we must assume that the word was borrowed. The derivation from  malum Abellanum (the Campanian town Abella was famed in antiquity for its apples), is on phonetic and formal grounds doubtful, although in the abstract  the combination is interesting. No other explanation of how it was borrowed has yet been found. It is noteworthy that for, ‘pupil,’ apful alone (as well as ougapful) can be used in ;   œppel,  (, also ),  apple of the eye (also eyeball),  oogappel; but, on the other hand,  augasteinn.   ,, ‘April,’ from the  aprille, aberëlle, ; from  Aprilis (  avril,  aprile), borrowed at the beginning of the  period in place of the genuine  ôstarmânôd, ‘Easter-month.’   ,, , a square measure (about 120 sq. yards), only, formed from the   are ( area).   ,, ‘work, labour, employment,’ from arbeit, arebeit,  ar(a)beit, , ‘labour, toil, distress.’ Corresponding to  arƀêdi, , ‘toil, hardship, suffering,’ arbêd, , and  arbeid, ,  earfoð, earfeðe, , ‘toil, hardship,’ earfeðe, , ‘difficult,’  arbaiþs(d), , ‘oppression, distress’;  erfiði, , ‘toil,’ erfiðr, , ‘difficult, toilsome.’ Hence ‘toil’ must be accepted as the fundamental meaning of the cognates, and therefore any connection with the stem of  is improbable. It has been compared with greater reason with  rabota,, ‘servants' work,’ and rabŭ, robŭ, ‘servant, thrall,’ as  cognates, although this comparison is open to doubt. lâbor, ‘work,’ is at all events certainly not allied to it.   ,, ‘ark,’ from , arche (also arke), arahha (also archa), , ‘Noah's ark.’ The  form with ch (instead of k) seems to point to Upper Germany (Luther’s Bible has Noahs Kasten);  buoh-arahha, ‘book-chest,’  arche, ‘chest, money-chest.’ It corresponds to   ark, ‘Noah’s ark,’  earc, , earce, , ‘chest, covenant, ark, box,’  ark,  ǫrk, , ‘chest, coffin, Noah’s ark,’  arka, , ‘box, money-box, Noah's ark.’ This widely diffused word was borrowed at an early period from the   (also Romance) arca, which, as the meanings of the  group coextensive with those of the  indicate, was not perhaps naturalised on the introduction of Christianity, to which the more recent meaning of ‘Noah's ark’ may refer. Both the word and the thing had probably at the beginning of our era found their way to the Teutons with cista. See and.  ,, ‘bad, severe, hard,’ from arc(g), ‘vile, wicked, stingy, avaricious,’  arg, arag, ‘avaricious, cowardly, vile’; also  arg,  arc(g) ‘evil, vileness, wickedness.’   earg, , ‘cowardly, slothful’ (no longer found in ),  argr, ‘cowardly, effeminate’ (also ragr). Paul the Deacon cites arga as an abusive term among the Lombards. Through a *args the  word may have made its way into  and ;   aragan, ‘slothful,’  arka, ‘cowardly.’ As it is not easy to deduce the meaning ‘cowardly’ from ‘avaricious,’ which appears chiefly in, we must assume that the root idea of the  arga- was ‘vile, base,’ of which ‘avaricious’ and ‘cowardly’ would be specialisations resulting from the liberal hospitality and bravery which characterised the Teutons. This word, like almost all words within the ethical sphere, is peculiar to Teutonic;, , ,. —  , ‘to annoy, vex, fret,’ from ergern, ‘to incite to evil, deteriorate, corrupt,’  ergirôn, argirôn, ‘to make worse,’ from the comparative of. From this, , is formed (  from ,  from ,  from ,  from ); in  erge,  argî, , ‘malice.’ —   ,, from the  arcwân,  , ‘suspicion, mistrust’;   , , from  arclist, , ‘cunning, malice,’ from ; even in  arcwânen, ‘to suspect,’ occurs,  arcwœnen.   ,, see. <section end="ärgern" /> <section begin="Arlesbaum" /> ,, ‘service tree,’ from  arliz-boum, , ‘acernus, cornus’; scarcely allied to. <section end="Arlesbaum" /> <section begin="Arm" /> ,, ‘arm, branch,’ from the <section end="Arm" />