Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/193

Ker fact that  kannjan is a factitive of the  - kann,  kunnan, ‘to know’;  is a derivative ‘to inform oneself.’  further references under.  ,, ‘notch,’ from kërbe, , kërp, , ‘incision, notch,’   kjarf, kerfe, , ‘bundle,’  cyrf, ‘incision.’  , ‘to notch,’ from the   kërben (with a   gekurben in ); an    with the graded forms kërfan, karf, kurbum, korban (  čeorfan,  to carve,  kerven); the final f of the stem kerf is attested by the  kërve, a variant of kërbe;  *kaírfan is wanting. The root kerf is found also in γράφω, ‘to write,’  ‘to cut in, scratch’ (   with  to write), which with  kerf points to a  root *gṛph.  ,, ‘chervil,’ from the  kërvele, kërvel,  and ,  kërvola, kërvela, , ‘a culinary and medicinal herb’;   čerfille,  chervil. It was probably naturalised in Germany before the period, and is derived from  cœrifolium (χαιρέφυλλον), whence also  cerfeuil,  cerfoglio, which were borrowed at a period when the initial c before open vowels was still pronounced k; , , , , , &c. In the period before the permutation of consonants, the  art of cookery and horticulture, and with the latter many southern vegetables and herbs, were introduced into Germany; , , , , and ,   ,, ‘gaol,’ from the  karkœre, kęrkœre, kęrker, ,  karkâri, , ‘prison'; from  carcerem, probably more strictly from karkerim (  krûzi, from  crucem under ), so that the final i of the  word would represent the -em of the. Even in karkara,, ‘prison,’ is found, corresponding to  cearcern,  carcar. In the word the second k shows that  was borrowed before the  period, since borrowed terms in  such as chrûzi, from crucem, pronounce the c as tz before open vowels; , , , , and.   ,, ‘fellow.’ a and  form for  karl, , ‘man, husband, lover,’  karal;  karl, , ‘man (opposed to woman), old man, one of the common folk, serf, servant,’ hence  carl,  ‘fellow, man.’ Besides these terms, which indicate  *karla-, there appears a form kerla- ( *kaírla-) allied to them by gradation, and assumed by  čeorl, ‘serf’ hence čeorlian, ‘to take a husband, marry’),  cheorl,  churl, as well as by  kerel,  tzerl,  kêrl, kerel (wanting in ). As a proper name the   was retained without being supplanted by the  and  form; on the adoption of  by  see under . Both words denoted a full-grown man (generically, ‘husband, lover,’ and also ‘male of animals’ in  and ; legally, ‘man of the lower orders’); in  ceorl, ‘man,’ retained the entire signification, since it is used even of kings, and in the derivative ceorlian, ‘to marry,’ it preserves its generic meaning and its legal aspect in being applied to the common freemen and the serf. References in non- cannot be adduced with any certainty; the comparison of kerl, karl, with jâra (j for g), ‘paramour, lover,’ is possible as far as the stem is concerned; the l of the  word is at all events a suffix. With regard to the gradation, , , , , , &c.   ,, ‘kerne, stone (of fruit), pith,’ from the  kërn, kërne,   kërno, ; corresponding to  kjarne, , ‘kernel.’ A corresponding  *kaîrnó, , is wanting (for which we have kaúrnô, ?). cyrnel, and the  kernel are connected phonetically more nearly with, since a derivative of  in  would have an initial ch. kerna- and korna- are allied by gradation to each other just as and,  and.  ,, ‘to churn,’ allied to churn,  *čirne, *čyrne,  karn,  kirna, , ‘churn,’ with which  čyrnan,  to churn, and the   karnen are also connected. Akin to (Up. Palat.) kern, ‘cream,’  kerne,   kjarne, ‘cream,’ which perhaps are identical with. Probably kirnjôn, ‘churn,’ and kirnjan, ‘to churn,’ are  derivatives of *kerno-, ‘cream.’  ,, ‘taper, wax-light, candle,’ from kęrze, ‘candle, taper,’  ‘wax candle,’  chęrza, charza, , charz, , ‘taper, wick, tow.’ We have to proceed from the latter in tracing the development of meaning in  (  kerte, , ‘wax-light’; ‘tow, wick made of tow, wick