Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/176

Hum  ,, ‘lobster,’ only, from the   ( and ) hummer; the final source is  humarr, , ‘lobster’;   κάμαρος, κάμμαρος, ‘a kind of crab,’ although the occurrence of the same names of fishes in several Aryan languages is usually very rare. In a different word is used —  loppestre,,  lobster.   ',, ', , ‘drinking-cup, bumper, bowl,’ only (from the 17th ); it seems, however, to be primitive, since correspondences are found in the Aryan languages,  kumbha, , ‘pot, urn,’ Zend χumba (the initial h of the  word probably originated like the h in , root khabh; yet  also  κύμβος, , ‘vessel, cup’). However remarkable it may seem that a word like  should have been unrecorded in the entire  group until the 17th, yet similar examples of such a phenomenon may be adduced;  , ‘stake,’ in   only, which, like  swër, ‘pillar,’ corresponds to  sváru-s, ‘sacrificial stake.’ In this case, however, the supposition that the word has been borrowed is more probable, because  has for the most part adopted foreign terms for drinking vessels ; the assumption, on account of Zend χumba, that the word was borrowed at an early period from a   is alluring (as in the case of ).  ', ',, ‘to hobble’; only, from ?. Perhaps allied to.  ,, ‘dog, hound,’ from the  hunt(d),  hunt(t), ; a common  word hunda-, ‘dog’;   hunds,  hundr,  hund,  hound (for the chase only, in other cases dog,  docge),  hond,  hund. If the second syllable in hun-da- is a derivative, the word corresponds to Aryan kun-, ‘dog’;   κύων ( κυν-ὁς),  çvã ( çún-as),  canis,  szu̇ (stem szun-),  cú. Thus the Aryans in their home were already acquainted with the dog as distinct from the wolf. In it might also appear as if the word were connected with an old   hinþan, ‘to catch’ (in ); in popular etymology  might he regarded as the ‘captor, hunter, taker of prey.’ The phrase,  ‘to fall into poverty, go to the dogs,’ seems to be based upon the  expression in dice-playing (see , , and also ); probably , like  canis and  κύων, denoted an unlucky throw; in  the professional gambler is called ‘dog-slayer’ (çvaghnin). The probable antiquity of dice-playing is attested by Tacitus' account of the Teutons and by the songs of the Vedas.   ,, ‘hundred,’ from the  and late  hundert, ;   hunderod,  and  hundred, and the   hundrað, ;  *hundaraþ ( -dis) is wanting; the word is evidently a compound, the second part of which is connected with  raþjan, ‘to count’. The first component was used alone for ‘hundred’;  twa hunda, 200, þrija hunda, 300, &c.;  zwei hunt, driu hunt, &c.,  tâ hund, þreo hund, 200, 300. This simple term is an Aryan form, hunda-, from pre- kmtó-;   centum,  ἑκατόν,  çatám, Zend sata,  szimtas (m is changed in  into n before d; see );  sŭto is probably derived from Iran. sata. But while the word, judging from the correspondences in these language, denoted our decimal ‘hundred’ in Aryan, we find that it is used in  for 120, the so-called duodecimal hundred. In hundraþ in the pre-Christian period denoted only 120, a distinction being made at a later period between tólfrœtt hundraþ, 120, and tírœtt hundraþ, 100; even at the present time hundraþ denotes the duodecimal hundred in Iceland. In we have only indirect evidence of the combination of the decimal and duodecimal numeration, taíhuntê-hund, ‘ten times ten,’ but twa hunda, 200 ( tíu-tiger, ‘ten tens, 100’). So too in and ;   zëhanzo, ‘100,’  ‘ten tens,’ and also einhunt,  teóntig, but tû hund. In other cases also the co-existence of the duodecimal and decimal system may be seen in. In the word for 120 became obsolete at an early period, but its existence may be inferred from the fact that the old word hund in  and  was used only for several hundreds, while hundred was expressed almost entirely by zëhanzo and zëhenzig.   ,, first occurs in early , “‘cunnus canis.’ Borrowed from the shamelessness of the ‘proud’ bitch.” 