Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/145

Got ; the   godfœder, godsunu, goddohter, which are equal to  godfather, godson, and goddaughter; also  gubbe, ‘old man,’ gumma, ‘old woman’ ( ‘godmother’), are pet names for guðfaðer, guðmóðer. As may be seen under and, the godfather is pater spiritualis, the child baptized filius or filia spiritualis;   also.   ,, ‘God,’ from the  and  got, , a term common to , unknown to the rest of the Aryan group;  , ,  and  god,  guð, goð,  guþ, ‘God.’ The form of the  and  words is neuter , but the gender is masculine. goð,, is mostly used in the  guda- and guþa-, , ‘God,’ are based upon Aryan ghu-to-m., in which -to- is the  suffix discussed under , , and. The Aryan root ghu- is hû, ‘to invoke the gods’ ( hū̆tá-). in the neuter form is the ‘invoked being’; in the Vedas the epithet puruhûta, ‘oft-invoked,’ is usually applied to Indra. The word being specifically, there is no term common to this group and one of the allied languages (yet   tíve, ‘deity,’ with  dêva,  deus?) , the  of , is from the   gotinne, götinne, gutinne,  gutin ( *gudini,  gyden,  godin).   , ‘idols, false god,’ from götze,, ‘statue for ecclesiastical purposes’;  ‘cast (image),’ (allied to ,  gieȥen?). Perhaps, however, is a short form of, just as  is pet name for ;   and.   ',, from the  grap(b),  grab, , ‘grave’; like '; , ‘ditch, trench, sewer,’ from the   grabe,  grabo, ; allied to  , ‘to dig, engrave,’ from the equiv:  graben,  graban,  ; a common   , corresponding to  graban,  grafan,  to grave,  graven (graf, ‘grave’); from a common  root grab (pre- ghrabh), which is  allied to  grebą, ‘I dig, row,’ and grobŭ, ‘grave’;  γράφω, ‘I scratch, write,’ has probably no connection with the word,  , , ,.   ,, ‘degree, step, stage, rank,’ from grât (t and d), ‘grade, degree,’  even in late  grâd; from  gradus, whence also  gré ( grád).   ,, ‘count, earl,’ from the  grâve (with the variant grœve, chiefly in the ),  grâvo, grâvio (upon the old j form is based the  proper name , a parallel form of ). grâvio assumes a *grêfja (‘commander’), which is the term for the agent from the verbal noun gagrêfts, ‘command, order,’ preserved in. The term gerêfa ( scîrgerêfa,  sheriff), which is similar in meaning, is yet radically different, since it points to a  *ga-rôfja; its  sense is probably ‘head of a troop,’ allied to *rôf,  ruova,  róf (stafróf), ‘number.’ , greife, ‘count,’ is derived from  grêve (from  *grâfio). All explanations of which do not originate in a  root grêf, ‘to command,’ conflict with the laws relating to the change of sound and meaning. Note the signification of in  pluimgraaf, ‘one who minds the fowls,’, ‘manager of a saltwork,’ , &c.  ,, ‘adverse, hostile, vexed, angry,’ from and  gram, ‘angry, peevish, irritated, enraged’; corresponding to the   gram,  gram,  gram,  gramr. To *grama- (from pre- ghromo-),  χρόμαδος, ‘gnashing’ (and χρεμέθω,  fremo, ‘I gnash’?), seem allied. From the  is derived the Romance cognate,  gramo, ‘gloomy.’ — ,, as a  even in  gram. From the same root. is derived. See the latter word.  ,, ‘grain,’ first occurs in from  granum, ‘grain.’ From the same source   is also derived through the medium of  grain.   ',, ', , ‘shrimp,’ from the , in which the modern form is garnaal, formerly granaal, graneel, in the same sense. <section end="Granal" /> <section begin="Grand" /> ,, ‘gravel,’ first occurs in from ; just as  (which see) is allied to , so  is probably connected with an  root meaning ‘to grind’;   grindan,  to grind (from pre- root ghrendh, whence also  frendo, ‘to gnash’). <section end="Grand" /> <section begin="Granne" /> ,, ‘bristle (of swine), awn,’ from gran, grane, , ‘point of hair, moustache, fish-bone’ (in the latter sense  is also used ),  grana, ‘moustache’; corresponding to <section end="Granne" />