Page:An Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture and Furniture.djvu/270

 246 COTTAGE, FAllM, AND VILLA AUCIIITECTUIIE. 441 facilities which it affords for heating and supplying water to every separate dwelling. The aspect of this and of all similar buildings ouglit to be such as that the sun may shine on every front nearly every day in the year. 496. General Form. In all cases where economy is a leading object, the quadrangular form presents itself as the best. When the number of dwellings is few, as in Mr. Laxton's plan, fig. 267, or that of Mr. Taylor, fig. 424, or in a plan which we made in 1818, for a London college for working men (see Mech. Mag., vol. xvi. p. 321), the whole of the buildings may be under one roof, and several floors may be formed one over another, and ascended to by stairs, or, as we proposed in the plan alluded to, bj' an inclined plane. In Design LXXX., however, we intend to have all the buildings only one story high, as cheapest, and as admitting of their being built of mud, or of compressed earth, chiefly by the occupants themselves. 497. General Arrangement. In the quadrangular plan, fig. 440, we have shown in the centre the public offices of the college, which include one fireplace, from which all the artificial heat required proceeds, and the public kitchen, store-rooms, dining-rooms, schools, &c. In the circumference we have placed eight lines of dwellings ; every line containing ten dwellings marked 1 to 10, of four apartments in each, similarly arranged to the dwellings in the preceding Design. At the angles, a a a a, are water-closets ; those entered from the inner side for the women and female childi-en and infants, and those from the outer side for the men and boys. There is one carriage road, c d, which passes through the centre of the quadi'angle, and two walks, e and/, which connect the centre with the circumference, at right angles with the carriage road. Botli the central buildings and the outer quadrangle are raised on platforms ; and the roof of the outer quadi'angle is supposed to project at least three feet outwards from the walls, in order to give a dry path, at all times, along both sides of the dwellings. The four enclosed areas, g, h, i, k, may be devoted to public gardens and play-grounds. Exterior to the qua- drangle, each dwelling is proposed to have a small grass plot or flower-garden, /, the width of its front, and about fifty feet in depth ; beyond which there may be a circumferential walk, m ; and, beyond that, gardens for fruit, flowers, and ainusement, to each house, n. Last of all may come the vegetable ground, and dairy and poultry farm, belonging to the college, with its cow-house, stable, piggery, poultry-house, &c. 498. Arrangement of the public Offices. The most important of these is the fire and fuel room, fig. 441, o, in which all the artificial heat required either for cooking, washing, drying, &c., in the public offices, or for heating or cookery in the private dwellings, is generated ; and from which it is dis- tributed in the manner hereafter described. Adjoining this is the public kitchen and bakehouse, p, in which the roasting is supposed to be done in an oven, heated, of course, by the common fire in o ; and in which there is also a baking oven, which may be either heated in a similar manner, or by Per- kins's hot- water ajjparatus, which is connected with the common fire, and by which all the heat requisite for boiling, stewing, and similar culinary operations, is supposed to be supplied to the kitchen in small iron tubes of hot water and steam under compression, and raised to a temperature of from 300° to 400'. The same mode is proposed to be adopted for conveying heat to every public office and private dwelling. Ad- joining the kitchen are, a scullery, q; dairy, r; larder and pantry, s; store-room, t; ])olato and root cellar, ic u; brewhouse, with beer-cellar imder, v; drying-room, w; wash-house, x; dining-rooms, y y; office for keeping the college accounts, and public library, 2; infant school, a ; boy's school, h; girl's school, r; bath for boys, d; and for girls, e. The mash tub may be in the upper part of the brewhouse, and the water may be boiled in it, by a pipe from Perkins's heating apparatus; from this the liquor may be let down into successive coolers, and working vats, till it is at last delivered by a funnel and pipe