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 252 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

B. Social philosophy. Practical problems. Brief class-room study of some introductory, practical book. Investigation by students (under direction) of social conditions, problems, agencies, institutions. Intended to start students in the work of social observation and reflection. Open to students who have completed thirty hours. Second semester : Continuation of the work of the first semester, or similar work. Professor Caldwell. Credit will be given for time spent in investigation.

C. Practical ethics. First semester : Ethics of the social questions ; the prob- lems of the family, education, wealth, poverty, temperance, social discontent, social reform, in the light of ethical theory. Lectures, special researches, discussions. Second semester: Moral pathology and the science of character; class-room study and discussion of such books as Giles's Moral Pathology, or Sidgwick's Practical Ethics, MacCunn's Making of Character. Reports and investigations of students upon topics. Professor Caldwell.

D. Social psychology. Consideration of the attempts of recent American and European philosophers and psychologists to approach the study of society from the psychological (as distinct from the hitherto prevailingly biological) point of view. The logic and mind of society; the psychology of social action ; the psychical factors in civilization; the relation of the social mind to the mind of the individual; the application of social psychology to education and reform. Study of Professor Bald- win's Social and Ethical Interpretations of Mental Development, and of Tarde's Social Laws, with reference to the writings of others, such as Le Bon, Sidis, Ward, Bosan- quet, etc. Second semester : Continuation of the work of the first semester. Open to students who have had or are taking Course A, or who have had or who are taking Course A in psychology. Professor Caldwell.

E. Advanced course. First semester : Ethics. Reading and analysis of advanced works upon ethics, such as the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Wundt, Gizycki, Paulsen, Sidgwick, Green, Spencer, Stephen, Martineau and others. Lecture and study notes upon special topics such as the metaphysic of ethics, the logic (methods) or psychology of ethics, the art of conduct, the moral ideal, social or politi- cal or religious ethics, etc. Or, study of special periods in the history of ethical growth, or of ethical speculation, such as the ethics of the Greeks, or of German philosophers, etc. Paulsen's Ethics may be used as a guide. Second semester : Social philosophy. Social theories of leading thinkers, ancient and modern. Ten- dencies in contemporary social philosophy ("English" and foreign). The philosophy of social advance and of social reform. Mackenzie's Introduction to Social Philosophy may be used as a guide. Open to students who have completed Course A. Professor Caldwell.

F. Seminary. Research study of topics connected with any of the above courses. Subjects can be announced only after consultation with those fitted for the work of investigators. Professor Caldwell.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

G. The labor question in Europe and the United States. The purpose of this course is to acquaint the student with the economic condition of the working classes in Europe and the United States during the past century, and to discuss the relation of labor organizations to capital in the production and distribution of wealth. Among other phases of the subject are discussed the rise and growth of labor organizations, the development of the labor contract, methods of industrial remuneration, the shorter