Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 6.djvu/870

 NOTES AND ABSTRACTS.

Industrial Strife in Sweden. Mr. O. Dalqvist has for years been especially interested in the question of strikes and lockouts. He gives in Haft 9, 1900, of the Ekonomisk Tidakrifl the following figures illustrative of Swedish conditions :

Year

Number of Strikes

Number of Laborers Involved

Loss in Work Days

1886...

i.iSs

1887

1888

1889

1800..

1891

1892 ."

16

1893...

32

1801 ..

Is

768

1801;

4.6

1896

5

1897

90

1898

134

16,700

l84,4OO

1899

62

8,667

Several interesting tendencies of Swedish industrial life are self-evident in these figures ; it is apparent that industrial wars are being fought on a larger and more obstinate scale, and one notes a sort of rhythm in the recurrence of ebb and flow. Of late years lockouts are increasing in number and faster than strikes ; of the lost labor days of 1899 172,200 are chargeable to lockouts. Employers seem to be taking the offensive, this being due, according to the present writer, to a sinking con- juncture in the labor market. A. G. KELLER, Yale University.

Spanish Trade since the Spanish- American War. De Economist reports an augmented activity in Spanish trade since the war with the United States. In 1899 not less than sixty-one large companies were formed in Bilbao, the scene of the greatest advance ; these companies employ a capital of 128,000,000 pesetas ($25,600,- ooo), and comprise twenty-three ship companies, seven banks, eight sugar factories, seven electric factories, and seven mining companies. This is an advance unheard of in the history of the country. The yearly increasing merchant fleet of Bilbao has also led to the establishment of a new Spanish marine insurance company, having a capital of 10,000,000 pesetas ($2,000,000).

Bilbao's chief article of export is iron ore. The following table gives quantity and destination of shipments by years (in thousands of tons) :

Countries

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

660

S?!

893

883

993

l63

182

229

France

1*6

383

278

66

50

United States

18

M

83

Other lands

8

Total

4.596

5,138

5,117

4,743

6,004

A. G. KELLER, Yale University.

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