Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 6.djvu/532

 518 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

economic state, whether the anthropologic and ethnic factors pres- ent in the state affect the associations most characteristic of the state. If so, and to that extent, we have within the state, and we must learn how to distinguish and designate, varieties of each grade of association, according to variations produced by the physical and racial peculiarities of the members. Thus in each of the grades of economic association above supposed it might be necessary to distinguish subgrades dependent upon either anthropologic or ethnic peculiarities. In an economic state made up of Celtic, Saxon, Latin, and African elements, for example, the racial factor might cause in every grade in the whole hierarchy of asso- ciation variations of actual combination from what it would be as resultant of economic influences pure and simple. In other words, the physical and racial make-up of the state is a factor of the whole association which constitutes the state, but when considered by itself it is an abstraction from the state, and there- fore not a possible classifier of the state, except in particulars which are subordinate in a degree to be determined in each case by the peculiar facts.

Now, we might say the same thing, in principle, of the civic state, and of its relations to the economic and the biologic state respectively. The civic state, considered as an abstraction from the actual association of which, in a given case, it is a phase, is an association having as its characteristic end control. Let us assume that types of the civic state may be made out in accord- ance with the predominant purpose of control, thus : N, exploita- tion of the many ; 0, offense and defense ; P, preservation of balance among individuals within the state; Q, development of physical and human resources. Let us assume further that these types of civic states fall into classes in accordance with Bluntschli's categories of origin, viz.: ft, original ; o, secondary ; /, derived. Suppose further that Aristotle's categories of the forms of states apply to their divisions into orders, thus : n\ monarchy; o*, aristocracy ; /", polity. Let us assume once more that species of civic states are formed by relative prominence of one or another division of administration, thus: ", control of territory; 0", control of persons ; /)", control of external relations ; etc., etc.