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own group. Where social preferment depended upon physical prowess, the inherited clubfoot would be an element of social unfitness. In the fact of what is called physical " presence," probably largely a matter of posture and vitality, we all recog- nize an easy substitute in many social positions for brains, culture, or oratorical gifts. Yet these things are not in them- selves social ; nor can they by any manipulation become social. The influence they have is entirely through the psychological states of which they are the conditions. A man with the illusion of a clubfoot would be as helpless as if it were real. And where is the hero so commonplace that his " presence " is not lordly to some love-sick maid ?

4. Then there are the v[\\xz\\-\.2W.e.A-oi physical conditio7is, "the broken earth and the vaulted sky," the canal and the river- course, the mountain and the meadow. These, we are told, determine social development. They do ; but by conditioning it, by intrusion upon it, by limiting it, not by being themselves social. That they are never. Let a race of animals that cannot think, nor recognize a social situation, nor know one another as reciprocating and fulfilling social give-and-take, run over the meadows and swim in the rivers, under a sky never so blue — and what effect of a social kind would these physical things have upon them ? But given the psychological traits, make them men — and then what would not the human race do even on the levelest plain ? Here again we have extra-social conditions. The land and water condition separation and segregation, com- petition and mutual defense, toleration and alliance, commerce and confederation ; but the essentials of social matter and pro- cess must be there, and it is they that work under these conditions or those. Again, an illustration from recent biological theory, a case which often turns upon the effects of such physical dif- ferences as those mentioned : Isolation has been said to be a biological force, since, when animals are isolated from each other, the race is prevented from having the in-mixture of their hereditary strains, and so the heredity of the race is pre-limited. True, as a fact ; but why make an abstraction do justice for a force ? Isolation is always accomplished by some real force —