Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 4.djvu/562

 542 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

the spread of social relationships with foreign countries, which develop all too easily into political intermingling."

The fifth division is entitled: "The Fundamental Doctrines of Sociology." It discusses successively: (i) "Individualization and Socialization" (authority and partisanship, order and freedom); (2) "Social Differentiation and the Leading Principle in the Social Pro- cess; (3) " Social Individualities" (forms of association); (4) "The Conditional Tendency to Perfection in the Social Process ;" (5) "The Fundamental Phenomena of the Social Process." As such are treated : nutrition and reproduction ; the act of periecting (yervol/iomniung); variation ; the struggle for existence ; absolute hostility ; differentia- tion ; the relation of authority ; individualization and socialization ; variation of interests ; association ; social necessity ; the state, society. At the conclusion of this division an epitome of Ratzenhofer's sociology in eighteen propositions is given upon seven pages (pp. 244-50). In this appears, with the concluding thesis, a second state, the later state of equa\\ty(GIt'uMetissfaaf), in opposition to^Ratzenhofer's above empha- sized state of inequality. " In proportion as the civilized state takes the place of the conquering state, the differences in the satisfaction of interest among individual men are again equalized. The political, social, and economic inequality among men is transformed to the equality in par- ticipation of enjoyment which exists in primitive social conditions. The all-sided socialization of humanity complicates social structures, but it approaches to harmony of interest, through a growing perfection of the social organization, without, however, being able, with the exist- ing diversity of life-conditions, to remove all motives for social conflict. The social order is an organization of the struggle for existence for the purpose of assured nutrition and propagation of healthy generations. It is therefore justifiable to assume, as the concluding stage of social evolution, a condition in which, despite manifoldness of professional individualities, a cultural-, political, and social equality of men appears under the guidance of individuals who are intellectually and morally most perfect. Under this domination of moral and intellectual authority, social evolution, without degeneration of innate and acquired interests, would, perhaps, be possible ; but this equality would remain immeasurably modified through the inequality and change of life- conditions."

The sixth division treats of "The Social Forces" in four subdivi- sions : (i) "Social Impulses," (2) "Individual Will," (3) "The Devel- opment of Individual Will," (4) "The Social Will." The seventh