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 272 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

physician, until cured. The employments of women should be chosen particularly with reference to their being enabled to earn their livelihood upon liberation. Prisons should be smaller and staffed by competent, trained women, who should not have their energies or capacities injured by overwork. Prisoners must be treated as individuals. Economy is to be obtained, not by saving i^ the case of present prisoners, but in reforming them so that their numbers, and the consequent expendi- tures, shall decrease.

3. Juvenile Reformatories in France, by E. Spearman. — The necessity of separa- ting juvenile from old offenders is everywhere recognized today. In France both governmental and private reformatories are well developed. An offender under sixteen, if acting without " guilty knowledge," may, at the discretion of the judge, be sent to his parents again, or to certain governmental or private colonies, generally in the country, where they are taught trades and agricultural pursuits. Girls and boys under twelve years are placed under the influence of women almost entirely ; and even in the case of older boys the value of women's influence is recog- nized. Many of the private reformatories are church institutions managed by " sisters." All external signs of restraint, except in colonies of the worst boys, are absent, and the surroundings are beautiful in every way. The desertions are few. Colonies are now usually divided, according to age, in small groups ; in the future they will probably be divided more and more carefully, according to moral character. — Fortnightly Review, April and May, 1898.