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 104 THE AMERICA!^ JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

such value, and he thus keeps within the lines of inductive method instead of attempting to derive objective knowledge from metaphysical presumptions. It is not a "principle " to be used as the major premise of syllogisms. In other words, to say that the law of life is "adapta- tion" amounts to the assertion that the history of the world records progress toward correlation of the elements concerned. "Adaptation " is therefore in Vaccaro's usage a formal concept, with no means of valuing this term in the series to which it applies, except by comparison with the less complex correlations that have gone before. I cannot discover that the author has anything in mind in connection with this concept that is not more than covered by the Spencerian formula of evolution. It is a term for the world's habitual behavior. It does not tell us anything about what will be done the next time a variant enters. I confess, however, that it seems to me worth while to follow this author in rummaging among human experiences with his dark lantern, "adaptation." After an introductory chapter of sixty pages, his chief divisions are these: I, Adaptation as the Law of Life; II, The Biological Function of Pleasure and Pain ; III, Human Adaptation and its Particular Characteristics ; IV, Struggle and Adaptation between Man and the Cosmic Forces ; V, External Struggle between Human Groups; Elimination; VI, Causes which Directly Mitigate the External Struggle; Beginnings of Adaptation; VII, Causes which Indirectly Mitigate the External Struggle ; Ulterior Adaptation between Human Groups ; VIII, The Past and the Future of this Struggle and of Adaptation between Human Groups ; IX, Internal Struggle and Adaptation in Simple Human Groups; X, Internal Struggle in Composite Groups ; Adaptation between Conquerors and Conquered; XI, Internal Struggle in Composite Groups; Adapta- tion among Conquerors ; XII, The Past and the Future of Struggle and Adaptation in Human Groups. A. W. S.

Alie7i Immigranis in Etigland. By W. Cunningham, D.D. With three maps and seven illustrations. Social England Series. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. and The Macmillan Co., 1897. Pp. xxiii + 286. Si. 25.

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