Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 3.djvu/59

 A DIFFERENCE IN THE METABOLISM OF THE SEXES 45

monstrosities, deaf-mutism, clubfoot, and transposition of vis- cera are also reported as of commoner occurrence in men than in women.' Lombroso states that congenital criminals are more frequently male than female. 2 Cunningham noted an eighth (true) rib in 14 of 70 subjects examined. It occurred 7 times in males and 7 times in females, but the number of females examined was twice as large as the number of males. 3 The reports of the registrar-general show that for the years 1 884-1888 inclusive the deaths from congenital defects (spina bifida, imper- forate anus, cleft palate, harelip, etc.) were, taking the average of the five years, 49.6 per million of the persons living in England for the male sex, and 44.2 for the'female. 4

It has already been noted as a general rule throughout nature that the male seeks the female, and physicians generally believe that men are sexually more active than women, 5 though woman's need of reproduction is greater, 6 and celibacy unques- tionably impresses the character of woman more deeply than that of man. Additional evidence of the greater sexual activity of man is furnished by the overwhelmingly large proportion of

cent.) presented supernumerary nipples. Of the 3956 individuals 2311 were females, and of these 14 (.605 per cent.) presented supernumerary mammae or nipples. That is, this anomaly was found to occur more than four times as frequently in men as in women. J. MITCHELL BRUCE, "On Supernumerary Nipples and Mammae," Jour, of Anat. and Phys., Vol. XIII, p. 432.

Leichtenstern, however, whose investigations were of earlier date than those of Bruce, says that supernumerary mamm.c occur with about equal frequency in the two sexes. LEICHTENSTERN, "Ueber das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung Supernumer- arer Briiste und Brustwarzen," VlRCHOW's Archiv.f. Patholog. Anat., Vol. LXXIII, p. 238.


 * Lis, he. fit., pp. 358-65.

LOMBROSO e FERRERO, La Donna delinqufnte, chap. 12.

i vrtl, of Vienna, however, examined thirty subjects, and found the anomaly in question only three times, and exclusively in females. He attributed it to tight lacing. D. J. CUNNINGHAM. "The Occasional Eighth True Rib in Man," Jour, of Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XXIV, p. 127.

4 II. CAMPBKI. p. 133.

SKRAFFT-EBING, Psychopatkia Stxunli, p. 14; CAM pp. 199-

215; PLOSS, lof. fit.. Vol. I, p. 313.

A. HEGAR, Dtr Geschltcktstritb, p. 7.