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 THE HIERARCHY OF EUROPEAN RA< 315

been losing weight as more and more statistical data have been brought forward to substantiate them ; ' and now the force of the criticism almost entirely collapses in view of the statistical evidence which the most recent of Lapouge's researches have brought to the support of his claims. This last evidence (which will be summarized as we proceed) rests on a basis no less broad than the comparison between groups of several millions of popu- lation, representing the respective racial elements.

Before considering the statistical data and the laws which fol- low therefrom, it may be well, for the benefit of the reader not

1 Since the publication in 1896 of DE LAPOUGB'S masterly work Les Selections Sociales, a considerable number of articles and monographs have appeared dealing with the ethnical analysis of populations or of particular groups of population, such, for instance, as urban residents contrasted with rural residents, as migrants contrasted with stationary elements, as one social class contrasted with another, etc. The follow- lowing works may be cited :

LAPOUGE : " Recherches anthropologiques sur la probleme de la depopulation," Rev. d' Acon.polit., 1895, P- IO02 l8 9 6 P *3 2 J " Indice ce"phalique des consents de Rennes," Bui. de la Soc. scient. et mid. de T Quest., 1896, p. 90; "Correlations finan- cieres de 1'indice ce"phalique," Rev. d* con. polit., 1897, p. 256. AMMON : "Die Gesellschaftsordnung," Z-weite Auflage,Jena, 1896 ; " Die Geschichte einer Idee/'A'wm/- schau der Deutschen Zeitung, I, Nos. 185, 186, 190, 192, 196, 197; "Die Arierdam- merung," ibid., II, Nos. 27, 28, 33, 34; "Die Wirthschaftliche Leistungsfahigkeit der drei weissen Rassen in Frankreich," ibid. II, Nos. 109, 118; "Die Menschenrassen in Europa," Tdgliche Rundschau, 1896, 133; " Fortschritte der Anthropologie und Social Anthropologie," Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift XI, No. 20. KIPLEY : "Ethnic Influences in Vital Statistics," Publ. Am. Statistical Assn., 1896, p. 18. CLOSSON : "La dissociation par defacement," Rev. int. de Sociologif, 1896, p. 511 ; "Ethnic Stratification and Displacement," Q. J. of con., XI, p. 92 ; "Social Selection," /. of Pol. con. 1896, p. 449; "Recent Progress of Social Anthropology," ibid., 1896,. p. 410. CHALUMEAU: "Influence de la taille humaine sur la formation des classes sociales," Geneva, 1896; "Les races de la population suisse," J. destatistique suisse," XXXII, 4. COI.LIGNON: "Anthropologie du S. O. de la France," Mem. de la Soc. d 1 Anthropologie de Paris. UJFALJY : Les Aryens, Paris, 1896. FERRARI: " Etudio critico di Anthropologia i Sociologia," Reforma sociale, VI. WISLER : "Auslese und Kampf urns Dasein," Karlsruhe. PAULAU : Rev. scient., 1896, II, 13.

Most of the above articles deal with special aspects of the subject, and owe their origin more or less directly to the researches of Laponge and Ammon. We have, in addition, two recent general works on ethnical analysis :

KIPLP.Y : " The Racial Geography of Europe," Pop. Set. Monthly, beginning with February 1897. LlVl : Anthropometria Militaire .... rarte /, Dati Anthropologies td Etnologici, Rome, 1896. This monumental work it based on the examination of over 299,000 subjects.