Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 2.djvu/573

 SOCIAL CONTROL 559

fascinating by the genius of Epictetus. Buddha gave an irre- sistible charm to unselfishness, self-control, serenity. Jesus con- ferred on meekness, love, forgiveness and purity a luster that has led captive the hearts of millions. As it is the concrete^ that moves the world the force of a religion lies less in its framed) ideals than in its realized ideals, that is, the types presented incarnate in its founders, heroes or saints. Fleckless, flawless! pattern-lives clothed with a more than human prestige are the priceless possessions of a religion.

Besides these chief types carefully constructed and strongly fortified society employs many subordinate types to effect the ^ minor adjustments of the individual to the group. The framing of these is the work not of society but of the minor group most directly conversant with the function thus regulated usually the trade or profession. The lawyers in their intercourse, their papers and discussions, their legal books and periodicals, their bar associations, and their law schools arrive at a professional ethics which sketches out the type that becomes the ideal of those lawyers imbued with the "professional" spirit. So teachers, clergymen, physicians, civil engineers, artists or actors, by agree- ing among themselves as to what is praiseworthy and what dis- reputable, control the feelings and consequently the endeavor \ of the individual. Likewise drummers, conductors, typesetters, ' glassblowers or pilots communicate to each other standards of excellence which become trade types. Every "service" mili- tary, naval, civil, hospital, medical, customs, quarantine, revenue, police, life saving, detective, telegraph, railroad, or missionary acquires in time traditions, stories, anecdotes, precedents, maxims and sayings which conspire to delineate and glorify its type. It is this power to subdue the initiate to its standards that marks the bureaucracy. When a service is originated, say the Fran- ciscan Order or the Salvation Army, the inspiration of its mem- bers comes from the magnetic charm and the ascendant per- sonality of its founder. The raw recruit is transformed by the enthusiasm and aspirations of a St. Francis or a General Booth. But with age the vitality of an order comes to reside in its