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 520 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

value of the product, the agricultural product of i860, which is omitted, must have been the most important element in the products of industry of that year. The statistics given for 1860 are. however, incomparable with those of 1890, not only because of the omission of the agricultural product, but because the value of the manufacturing product as reported was grossly inadequate. A comparison of the tables of occupation with those of manufacturing industry of the census of 1860 reveals a discrepancy which shows this conclusively. This is most notice- able in the hand trades. Regarding this matter General Francis A. Walker, Superintendent of both the ninth and tenth censuses, remarks in the ninth census:

The experience of the census in 1860 and 1870 with the production of four common and important mechanical trades will give an idea of the scope of omission resulting from this cause. A comparison of the tables of man- ufacture with those of occupation for 1860 exhibits the fact that of 51,695 painters the production of only 913 is accounted for among the products of industry; of 242,958 carpenters only 9006 appear in the tables of manu- factures; of 112,357 blacksmiths only 15,720, and of 43,624 coopers only 1 3>7S > tnat i s f the fi rst named industry only 1.8 per cent, of the artisans contributed to the reported production of their craft; of the second 3.7 per cent.; of the third 14 per cent.; of the fourth 32 per cent.; or to the aggre- gate of these figures, out of 450,634 artisans of the most efficient and best paid classes only 39,384 or 9 per cent, are accounted for in the statistics of manufactures. Had the 411,245 artisans not returned produced as much man for man as those who were embraced in the tables of production the gross products of industry would by the full representation of these four trades alone have been increased $475,755,951 or a little over 25 per cent, of what was actually reported, while the net product, deducting, that is, cost of materials consumed, would have been increased in a still higher ratio, namely, 184,229,445 upon a total of 854,256,384 or as nearly as possible 33^3 per cent.

Besides workers in other trades enumerated in the occupa- tion tables and not in the tables of manufactures General Walker estimates that one-fourth of those enumerated in the former tables as laborers should also be included in the man- ufacturing returns. The fuller enumeration at the census of 1890 of the classes omitted at the earlier censuses from the manu-