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 208 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

The barrier is still broad. Of course the increase of commerce and travel has worn away many prejudices, but it has not pro- duced much love as yet. Commerce with uncivilized nations is ruthless and often almost devilish in selfishness and cruelty. I know of only two forces that are really making for international fellowship with fairly unselfish motives. The one is the social movement. It is international in its tendencies. Karl Marx taught European workingmen the cry : " Proletarians of all nations, unite." The tendency to international solidarity is as yet but rudimentary, but it has been strong enough to send many thousands of dollars across the seas to aid in social struggles. It has been powerful enough to alarm thoroughly the govern- ments whose interests lie in an exclusive patriotism. The other force making in the same direction is foreign missions. Foreign missions have come in for many hard blows from humanitarians, but after all has been said, they are the only case of anybody expending capital on uncivilized peoples without expecting to get anything back. No one has ever charged Christian mission- ary societies with trying to make more money out of the natives than they spend for them. Scientists go among savages to bring back knowledge ; merchants to bring back wealth ; explorers to bring back fame and trophies ; but the missionary is the only one that makes even a pretense of going for the sake of the people.

Here again we see the confluence of the two streams. The social movement has developed international tendencies and promoted the fraternization of the nations engaged in it. Chris- tianity from the very outset has been international in its charac- ter ; it has been remiss in fulfilling its missionary obligations, hut it has never repudiated its international character, and has always boasted of whatever broadness it could prove.

A second great ideal at work in the social movement lies in the principle of association. Suppose men are politically free and starting in life with equal opportunities ; it still remains to be seen what they will do with their freedom and equality. Will they fight or unite ? The development since the French Revo-