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 546 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

cities after the manner of the statisticians, as small, medium, and large, we shall attempt to arrange the urban types according to their degree of complexity and especially according to the nature of the composition of their parts. It is possible thus to distinguish two very different types of cities. This distinction marks out our study, for only one of these, the more elementary, will constitute its main object.

The city, we have said, is a complex local group. But the simpler groups of which it is composed are themselves either local groups, or on the contrary personal associations without distinctive and definite geographic localization. In the former case the city is made up of locally juxtaposed groups, each of which has its distinct location in the city territory. ^^ In the latter case the secondary groups which constitute the city are confounded geographically and occupy the urban territory with- out dividing it. The districts (quartiers), the trades (metiers) of the Middle Ages occupying each its own street, are divisions of the former class. Families or the professions of the present, whose members are scattered throughout the city, are examples of the second. In the former case the urban territory is itself complex and heterogeneous, made up of numerous and distinct social regions. In the second it is simple and undivided. In this latter case the complexity of the urban community does not affect the organization of its territory; each of the secondary groups

"Thus the cities of the Pueblo Indians are each formed from one tribe, itself constituted of several clans, each of which occupies its distinct quarter in the city, separated from that of the rest. See, on their organization, Krause, "Die Pueblo-Indianer," in Abhandlungen der Kaiserl. leop.-carol. deutschen Akademie des Naturforschers, Band 87, Halle, 1907, p. 50 ; Gatschet, A Migra- tion Legend of the Creek Indians, 1884, pp. 154, 172, 173 (Creeks and Dakotas). Each clan has its group of houses designated by a distinctive emblem ; Frazer, Totemism, p. 47 (Ottawas) ; Dorsey, "Omaha Sociology," in Third Kept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 1883, PP- ^^9 ff- ; Powell, "Wyandot Government," in First Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 64. See especially the exceptional work of Mindeleff, "Localization of Tusayan Clans," in Nineteenth Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 639-699 (Tusayan and Hopis) ; by the same author, "A Study of Pueblo Architecture," in Eighth Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn. See Morgan, "Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines," in First Rept. of the Archeological Institute of America, 1881, and E. Sarfert, "Haus und Dorf bei den eingeboren Nordamerikas," in Archiv. fiir Anthropologic, VII, 1908.