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 BIBLICAL SOCIOLOGY 241

this passage the people of Gibeon are spoken of as "Amorites," which is an alternative biblical term for Canaanites. Two other cities call for notice here: "And the Amorites forced the chil- dren of Dan into the hill country: for they would not sufiFer them to come down into the valley. But the Amorites would dwell in Mount Heres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim" ( Judg. i :34. 35). Another unconquered city was Hazor, the location of which is uncertain (Judg. 4:2). Southeast of Gibeon was the city of Jebus, or Jerusalem, which lay among the hills of Judah. We have shown the documentary conflict in regard to this place in our second instalment. It is necessary here only to recall that Jerusalem, like so many other alien cities, was not taken at the time of the invasion (Josh. 15 :63 ; Judg. 1:21); that it re- mained foreign through the premonarchic period (Judg. i9:iof. ) ; and that it was finally taken by King David, who did not exterminate its inhabitants (II Sam., chap. 5).

One of the first effects of the Israelite invasion and settle- ment of Canaan was a feeling of intense hostility between the Israelites and the Canaanites. It was but natural for the older inhabitants to resent the intrusion of strange clans whose avowed object was possession of the entire land. Nor could the intrud- ers themselves r^ard their intended victims with friendly feel- ings. After the first wave of conquest had surged into the land, the situation became so tense that the Canaanites could not think of permitting the enemy to settle peacefully down without making a final struggle to recover their lost ground. It is evi- dent from the first chapter of Judges that the efforts of the Canaanites at the time of the invasion were confined mostly to defensive operations. But they presently undertook an active campaign against the intruders. A combination of the Canaan- ites was organized, headed by Jabin, king of the unconquered city of Hazor (Judg., chap. 4),® The allies began to collect

•Judg. 4:2 calls Jabin king of Canaan, as if the Canaanites were a single nation. This, however, is contrary to the more reliable sources, e. g., Judg., chap. I, in which the Canaanites appear as a crowd of independent city-states. Jabin is given this title in a passage which comes from the late editor of Judges, who supplied the pragmatic framework of the book. In chap. 5 the