Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 11.djvu/773

SCIENCE AND CITIZENSHIP 757 group of sciences, the race has conquered, or is conquering, for science higher domains. Immediately above the physical sciences is the biological group. Here, who are the regulars and who are the seculars? It is not difficult to see the regular type in anatomist and taxonomist, in physiologist and ecologist, in embryologist and paleontologist, in ontogonist and phylogonist. These, or some of them, are doubtless strange names, unfamiliar to the public, even to that small section of the public which enjoys a classical culture. But the groups of scientists thus characterized nevertheless exist, and that, moreover, in growing numbers and influence, all over the western world. They are organized into bodies which are essentially regular orders of an incipient spiritual power; and as such they are silently preparing a great moral revolution. Where are we to look for the secular orders that will be their active instruments of temporal change? The occupations concerned with the biological or organic side of civilization are, of course, those of peasant and farmer, of gardener and stock-raiser, along with medical doctors and surgeons, not to mention the herbalists and the nurses, the barbers and the hairdressers, the gymnasts, and all the lower and older groups of occupations, from and through which the medical profession has risen to its present summit. Which among all these are the secular orders of science, and which the empirical survivals of a pre-scientific age? To answer that, we must first ask what is the special vision of the world which animates the biologist; and, further, we must ask what militant groups are there which this vision stimulates into practical activity. The biologist, like other scientists, has his cosmic and his humanist mood. In the former he sees an endless chain of developing life, beginning he knows not how or why, and tending he knows not whither. In his humanist mood, he sees the same unbroken chain that links together the whole series of organic beings; but now sees in it evidence at every point, from lowest to highest, of a promise and a potency of a supreme culmination. And in the most beautiful and noblest of human beings he sees a norm which, by taking thought, the whole race may reach and surpass. To the biologist the city is thus no mass of mere inorganic structures, but a group