Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 10.djvu/61

 THE FIRST GERMAN MUNICIPAL EXPOSITION 49

and those who do not use drawing, as salesmen, clerks, waiters, etc. Cottbus exhibited work and apparatus of its class for shoe- makers. The anatomy of the foot is made a special study, and as aids thereto plaster casts and X-ray photographs are used to show distortions caused by improperly made shoes. Berlin has classes for tailors, bookbinders, weavers, carpenters, and builders, among others. Besides these municipal institutions, associations and guilds often establish continuation schools for instruction in their particular trades. Some municipalities, as Aachen, Dresden, and Miinchen, have trade schools which are more thorough than the continuation schools. Dresden has day classes, and evening and Sunday classes. The former are for those who wish to continue their studies and at the same time to obtain the technical knowl- edge and preparation necessary for their chosen calling. They are arranged into three divisions. The first bakers, butchers, waiters, and cooks have two semesters of thirty- four hours a week. The masons, carpenters, joiners, and tinners have three semesters of thirty-six hours a week. The locksmiths, mechanics, machinists, and electricians have thirty-seven hours a week for two semesters. The tuition is 36 marks per semester, but for worthy pupils there are whole or partial scholarships. The even- ing and Sunday classes offer opportunities to apprentices, employees, and employers for the instruction necessary for the pursuit of their various trades along the most modern lines. The classes meet evenings from 7 : 30 to 9 : 30 o'clock, and Sundays from 7 to 8:30 A. M. and from n to 2 p. M., for from eight to sixteen hours a week. The tuition is 4.50-15 marks. Commer- cial schools were poorly represented, being exhibited by Hannover and Hildesheim only; but such schools are more often private than public, being usually conducted by merchants' associations. Schools of engineering were exhibited by Barmen, Breslau, Dort- mund, Duisburg, Erfurt, Hildesheim, and Miinster; and a school of textile industries by Cottbus. Mittweida exhibited examples of machinery and apparatus from her Technikum. A factory is run in connection with the technical school for the sake of teach- ing technology and of giving practical experience at the same time. The students work beside skilled workmen. Some factories