Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 10.djvu/212

 200 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY

War, moreover, creates headships, which, in case hostilities are prolonged, tend to become permanent and political. The Hebrew monarchy owed its origin to war. During peace Saul returned to his own estate and lived there with a few followers. As yet the people felt hardly any other obligation to their king than to rally about him in time of danger. David's conquests and successes, however, hardened the monarchy and gave it that solidity which enabled his son Solomon to supplant the tribal with the civil organization, lay taxes, levy corvees, conscript troops, establish a court, and create a new nobility. Centuries later the patriotic struggle against Antiochus established the Asmonean dynasty. The Germanic invasions united the king- ship with the leadership of the army, which had become per- manent. "The military subordination under the king-leader furthered political subordination under the king." The Crusades, which were preached under the auspices of the popes, tended to aggrandize the papal authority within the church.

The grinding of people on people not only merges the civil with the military power, but may unite the secular power with the ecclesiastical. Buckle shows how the prolonged struggle of the Spaniards with the Moors identified the national creed with the national cause and produced that exaggeration of orthodoxy and loyalty which was so fatal to the intellectual freedom of the Spanish people. The long struggles of the East-European peoples with the heathen worked a like result. Says Sigel :

The wars of Byzantium, waged against the avowed enemies of the Orthodox Church, demonstrated the necessity of a close union of the State

and the Church The defense of itself and its faith against the avowed

foes of Orthodoxy led Russian society to the necessity of subordinating all its powers to the State.

In various ways militant activities disturb the balance of power between social classes. For one thing the old nobility by blood is depressed in favor of the official nobility of the state.

The noble by blood is to be found among the Frisians, the Saxons, the Anglo-Saxons, the Thuringians, the Bavarians. He is not to be found among the Franks, the Burgundians, the Goths, and the Lombards, who have had a hard struggle to establish themselves within the Empire. In the course