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 CONCEPTS AND METHODS OF SOCIOLOGY 169

tion of a pre-existing social order. Unscrupulous adventurers come forward and create relations of personal allegiance by means of bribery, patronage, and preferment. Intrigue and con- spiracy are the social bonds. The social type is the Conspirital.

7. Society of the seventh type is deliberately created by agreement. The utility of association has been perceived, and a compact of co-operation is entered into for the promotion of the general welfare. Such was the Achaean League. Such was the League of the Iroquois. Such was the confederation of American commonwealths in 1778. The social bond is a cove- nant or contract. The social type is the Contractual.

8. Society of the eighth type exists where a population col- lectively responds to certain great ideals, that, by united efforts, it strives to realize. Comprehension of mind by mind, confi- dence, fidelity, and an altruistic spirit of social service, are the social bonds. The social type is the Idealistic.

Of these varieties of society the higher, compound communi- ties, or commonwealths, may, and usually do, include examples of the lower types, among their component groups.

All of these eight types, and the instinctive type exhibited by animal bands, have been observed from the earliest times and have suggested to social philosophers as many different theories of the nature of society. Thus in the totemistic lore of savagery we find endless suggestions of an instinct theory. In the mythologies of tribally organized barbarians we find sympathy, or natural-brotherhood, theories, which later on are borrowed, adapted, and generalized by the great humanitarian religions, like Buddhism -and Christianity. Suggested by societies of con- genial spirits we have the consciousness-of-kind theories, voiced in the proverb that "birds of a feather flock together," in the saying of Empedocles that "like desires like," in the word of Ecclesi- asticus that "all flesh consorteth according to kind, and a man will cleave to his like." From approbational societies have come our natural- justice theories. From despotic societies have come our political-sovereignty theories that "might makes right," in the sense of creating law and order. From authoritative soci- eties have come theories of the divine right of kings; from