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Rh the theories of Schäffle; for instance, Colajanni, who in a chapter on Socialism, proposed to demonstrate the following thesis: "Human, society is an organism among whose parts or organs, in order that there may be life, harmony and not strife must exist." Now if Schäffle and Lilienfeld have sometimes pressed too far the pretended parallelism between the human and the social organism, so as to have caused many criticisms, among which are the very successful ones of Gumplowicz, the affirmations of Colajanni, arrive at an extreme almost ridiculous.

On the other hand various young Italians went to Germany to study there the latest manifestation of scientific thought, and the result of their researches, their impressions, and their criticisms, furnished the material for many volumes. Among these that of Morpurgo is even yet favorably remembered, while Schiattarella had already published a work upon the "Progress of Social Science in England."

Meanwhile in the Rivista di Filosofia Scientifica valuable articles had been published on Evolution and on Darwinism. Although the majority of these articles are biological, yet many are sociological. This review, which exercised a great influence upon the new intellectual development in Italy, publishes articles from Herbert Spencer and also from Haeckel. A little later the same publishers, Dumolard Bros., of Milan, published a translation of Spencer's Study of Sociology, with an introduction, and still later Spencer's Principles of Sociology was published at Turin.

Colajanni and Roncalli, each on his own account, had published some small works to make known in Italy the sociological system of Gumplowicz. In the decade 1880–90, there developed in Italy the positive school of penal law, arbitrarily called Italian in spite of the fact that abroad its doctrines found an increasing number of followers. Enrico Ferri thus defines it: "It is the conversion of the science of crime and punishment from a doctrinary exposition of syllogisms by mere force of logical fancy into a science of positive observation which, availing itself as much of anthropology, psychology, and criminal statistics as of penal law and prison discipline, becomes that synthetic science