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 Secondary Works 853 and Swedes in America ; Vol. V., ch. i., on Canada and Louisiana, chs. vii.-viii., on Frencli and Indian Wars down to 1763 ; Vol. VII., chs. i., ii., on the diplomacy of the Revolution ; ch. vii., on diplomacy from 1789 to 1880. Justin Winsor, Christopher Columbus, and how He Received and Im- parted tlie Spirit of Discovery (Boston, 1891) ; Cartier to Frontcnac : Geographical Discovery in the Interior of North America in its Historical Relations, i 534-1 joo (Boston, 1894) ; The Mississippi Basin; the Struggle in America between England and France, i6g/-lj6j (Boston, 1895); The Westward Movement ; The Colonies and the Republic West of the Alleghanies, ijdj-ijgS (Boston, 1897). — These four volumes are the best systematic account of the rivalries for the possession of America, including some diplomatic questions. C. Treatises on International Laiu. Many of the most valuable works on international relations are treat- ises on international law, especially those written by Americans, or with special reference to America. Lists of such treatises may be found in T. A. AValker, Science of International Laiv, pp. vii-xvi ; Theodore D. Woolsey, Internatio>ial Law (5th ed.), pp. 405 et seq.; especially in Charles Calvo, Droit International, I. 101-138, VI. xxix-lxi. Holtz- endorff, Calvo, Phillimore and Pradier-Fodere are the fullest authorities, and, in the last editions, are among the most recent. They all freely use American precedents. The best treatises as aids to a study of Ameri- can diplomacy are the following : 6 vols., 1880; 5th ed., 1887-1896). — An exhaustive treatise written by an Argentine diplomat. Vol. I., pp. i-ioi, contains a brief sketch of general diplomatic history down to 1887. Garden, Count Guillaume de, Histoire Generate de Traites de Faix, 15 vols., (Paris, 1848-1887). — Covers the period 1536 to 1815, and is a history of the events leading up to each treaty, but does not contain the texts. William Edward Hall, International La^c (Oxford, 1880; 3d edition, 1890). — Perhaps the best one-volume treatise. Many references to American precedents. Henry W. Halleck, International Law (1870, Sir Sherstone Baker's edition, 187S). — Written by the former general-in-chief of the United States army. Dry but thoughtful and well analyzed. Frequent refer- ences to American precedent. Europaischer Staatspraxis, 4 vols., (Berlin, 1885-1889). — A co-operative work by eminent publicists. Abundant references to other treatises, and very numerous precedents, with reference to sources. James Kent, Commentaries on American Law (New York, 1826- 1830 ; i2th ed., by O. W. Holmes, 1873 ; J- T. Abdy's 2d ed., 1877). — The treatise on international law is in Volume I.
 * Charles Calvo, Le Droit International Tlieorique et Pratique (Paris,
 * Franz von Holtzendorff, Handbiich des Volkerrechts auf Grundlage