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 Dcbidour: Rapports dc P Eglisc ct dc V Etat 363 with the history to the fall of Napoleon ; the second, entitled " Re- action," continuing the history from 1814 to 1870. A " Conclusion " summarizes briefly but clearly the whole course of the history, noting the general principles involved and the most striking problems presented. An appendix furnishes an exceedingly valuable collection of documents comprising over a score of statutes, ordinances, decrees and encyclicals, those issued in Latin being given in a French translation. The work is copiously supplied with foot-notes, each chapter begins with a compre- hensive bibliography of authorities, and an analytical table of contents completes the volume. To give even the briefest sketch of the course of the history would require too much space, but certain points of special interest should not be left unnoticed. The ecclesiastical problem which faced the nation in 1789 could be solved in only three ways: i. Separation of Church and State; 2, A new Concordat, following that of 1516; 3, A state law imposed upon the Church by the civil authority. This last our author says rightly was the only course morally possible. Indeed it may be said fairly that those who condemn outright the Revolution settlement show themselves pro- foundly ignorant of the historical conditions. This settlement found its completion in the Concordat of 1801, recognizing the Roman Catholic religion as that of the great majority of French citizens, and allowing its free public exercise in conformity with the regulations of police. M. Debidour explains the delay in the publication of the Concordat from July, 1801, when it was signed, until April, 1802, that Napoleon might join with it the Organic Articles which practically reasserted the Gal- lican liberties. If these had been revealed immediately after the signing of the Concordat, the Pope might have hindered him from carrying them out by retarding indefinitely, as far as it depended on him, the execution of the treaty. The court of Rome did protest, in vain however, against the Organic Articles, regarding which it had not been consulted and which Napoleon presented as inseparable from the Concordat. Here however Napoleon committed the error to which all victors are liable, that of pressing their victims too far and thus losing the fruits of their own victory. The Church in France was overwhelmed apparently by the civil power. The tendency therefore, for relief, was to turn to the Pope with a submission more docile and less independent than in the old regime. It is going too far, however, to say in the words which con- clude the chapter: " The old regime made the clergy of France Gal- ilean, Napoleon made it ultramontane." As I have said elsewhere,' " We might as well ask if the Concordat brought about ultramontanism everywhere. The Vatican Council of 1870 was not the council of French bishops alone ; indeed there was quite as pronounced opposition to its decrees by the French clergy as by those of any other country in Europe. ' ' Ultramontanism was the next step in the papal policy ; it was due to the restoration of the Jesuits, the abrogation of Napoleon's Concordat and ' Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1895, p. 483.