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 5 1 6 E. P. Cheyney suggestions for colonization included in Gilbert's pamphlets of 1565. But this colonization in Ireland went forward very haltingly, and it was not till the very close of the century that the few English settlers ■ had permanently taken the place of the natives.^ There was also a series of attempts at settlements in the southwestern counties in 1569 and in the northeast in 1567, 1570, and 1573, but the native Irish were too strong and the intruding elements too weak to gain success as settlers.- The most direct parallel to the efforts at American settlement by Gilbert and Raleigh between 1578 and 1588 is to be found in the plantation of Munster, which was begun in 1584. Ex- tensive grants were at that time made to Raleigh, Spenser, and other courtiers, and detailed conditions were published by which these and other broad lands confiscated from the natives were to be oc- cupied by English adventurers and their tenants. But there were many difficulties, the colonization proceeded slowly; in 1592 only two hundred and forty-five English families could be found actually settled there; in 1598 even these were temporarily swept away in the storm of Tyrone's rebellion, and in 1602 Raleigh disposed of his grant in disgust. Munster was provided with a certain number of new settlers, but they were almost lost among the surviving native population. The English colonization of Ireland that really succeeded, like the successful colonization of Virginia, occurred in the early years of the seventeenth century. In the fall of 1605 Sir Arthur Chi- chester, Lord Deputy, was formulating the first plans for an exten- sive settlement of the lately forfeited lands in Ulster ; and at the same time Gates, Somers, and others were drawing up the petition which led to the grant of the first charter of the Virginia Company ; Weymouth had just returned from New England ; and the populace of London was laughing at the jests on the Virginia voyagers, on Captain Seagull and the Scotchmen in Eastward Hoe. The year 1606 saw the first settlement of County Down and the continued occupation of Antrim by Scotchmen,"* and the departure from Lon- don on December 30 of the first colonists of Virginia. In the years immediately following, while successive expeditions were taking out the small and unfortunate groups of early victims to the diseases, dissensions, and massacres of Virginia, steps were being taken for the plantation of Ulster on a large scale. In May, 161 1, the first settlers of Ulster proper began to arrive and take up their lands. Emigration now went on to both countries alike. Ulster having 'Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors, I. 385, etc.; Bonn, Koloitisalion, 280-287. - Bagwell, II., chaps, xxv.-xxxi. ' George Hill, The Macdonnels of Antrim, 229, etc. ; The Montgomery Mann-