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 Friederici: Kriegsgebrduchc in Anierika 391 Sultan of Sulu, but he failed to consult the text, and some of his details are wrong: he says nothing of the Pope's Philippine bull of 1902 in his review of the religious question under American government (the best discussion of all he has made under this period, 1898-1905). He has, it should be said, toned down his worst exaggerations and attacks on American rule in his contributions to British reviews in 1900 and 1904, for which he was called to account by Bishop Brent; in some respects, indeed, he is now fairer than any of the other British critics of America in the Philippines. But we are here concerned only with Foreman as a Philippine historian, and as such it is hard to say a good word for him. The bad arrangement and lack of revision involves much duplication, which the index but poorly remedies. The orthography is sometimes freakish, and Spanish terms are sometimes mistranslated. The statisti- cal tables are very inaccurate in places; the chronological table also, as well as incomplete. The accompanying map is reproduced from a poor and out-of-date Spanish map. James A. LeRoy. Skalficrcn iiiid ahiiHchc Kricgsgcbraiichc in Aiiicrika. Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwiirde der Philosophischen Fakultat der Universitat Leipzig, vorgelegt von Georg Friexh ERici. (Braunschweig: Druck von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. 1906. Pp. 172.) This is one of the most important ethnologic monographs that has appeared in a long time. The author is a young officer in the German army and former attache of the legation in Washington who, after having already published several shorter Indian studies, presents this as his doctor's thesis for a degree at Leipzig. The word " scalp " he derives from an old German word akin in form and meaning to " shell ". The earliest, and almost the only, notice of the custom in the Old World is that given by Herodotus in connection with the Skythians. The earliest definite notice in America is by Cartier, who in 1535, on the St. Lawrence, was shown five scalps dried and stretched upon hoops. In the same region in 1603 Champlain witnessed a scalp- dance in which fresh scalps were 'carried by the women as they danced. Other pioneer discoverers found the custom in Florida and Virginia. Contrary to the general impression, our author claims, and proves by authorities and deduction, that the practice of scalping was originally confined to a comparatively limited area in the eastern United States and Canada, extending from Newfoundland to the Gulf and lower Mississippi, and roughly equivalent to the territory held by the Iro- quoian and Muskhogean tribes and their immediate neighbors. It did not exist in southern New England, Long Island, or New Jersey, or anywhere beyond the St. Lawrence divide. Lake Erie, and the lower Mississippi until. after the coming of the whites. Even in the great plains it is of comparatively recent extension, while along the whole