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 to (1815), 25; first American vessel arrives in, 27; American trade with, 30; fur trade with, 31; Shaw, first American consul in, 32; profits of, 37; relaxation of trade regulations in, 41; better position of United States politically in, 44; use of opium in, 64; Opium War between Great Britain and, 70; treaty between Great Britain and (1842), 71; grants Americans equal commercial relations with British, 75; Cushing mission to, 79; treaty of Wang Hiya (1844) between United States and, 86; exterritoriality first applied in, 92; treaty between France and (1844), 95; isthmus of Panama, bulwark of independence of, 133; projected steamship line between San Francisco and, 146; Davis, United States commissioner to, 204; Marshall, United States commissioner to; 205; Yeh, high commissioner of, 205; attempts of Marshall to secure interview with commissioner of, 205; E-liang receives President's letter from Marshall for delivery to emperor of, 206; Taiping Rebellion in, 208; services rendered to, by Gen. Ward and his "Ever Victorious Army," 212; McLane succeeds Marshall as minister to, 213; McLane's treatment by high commissioner of, 214; determination of foreign ministers to, to proceed to Peiho and renew demands, 216; arrival of foreign ministers to, at mouth of Peiho, 216; opposition of, to treaty revision, 217; reception of foreign ministers by commissioner of, on banks of Peiho, 217; commissioner of, without plenary powers, 217; failure of conference relative to revision of treaties with, 218; McLane urges a more vigorous policy in, 218; American merchants at Shanghai pay duties to, 218; Parker chargé of United States in, 219; neutrality of United States during Taiping Rebellion in, 220; Dr. Parker appointed commissioner to, 221; attempts of Parker to secure revision of treaty with, 221; return by viceroy at Shanghai of President's letter to emperor of, with seals broken, 222; the Arrow War between Great Britain and, 223; American surveying party fired upon near Canton, 225; attack on forts near Canton, by Americans, 226; Yeh excuses firing on surveying party near Canton, 226; charge of participation by Americans in British attack on Canton, 227; British campaign in, delayed by Sepoy Rebellion, 228; looting of palaces in Canton, by British, 228; plan of Minister Parker to avoid war in, 229; conservative policy of United States in relation to, 229; Reed succeeds Parker as United States minister to, 231; instructed to coöperate with powers in peaceful efforts, 231; United States could not make war against, without authority of Congress, 232; Lord Elgin, British, and Baron Gros, French representative in, 232; sack of Canton, by allies, 283; war by England and France (1857) against, 233; Reed fails to secure interview with high commissioner of, 233; disappointment of Elgin and Gros at United States' policy toward, 233; attitude of Russia toward, 234; Reed advocates strong measures in dealing with, 234; foreign ministers unite in demanding revision of treaties, 235; attitude of United States as to coercive measures with, 236; refuses to allow foreign ministers to directly communicate with court, 236; foreign ministers to, proceed to the Peiho, 236; foreign ministers from Peiho demand appointment of plenipotentiaries by, 237; foreign ministers proceed to Tientsin, 238; Taku forts of, taken by assault, 238; treaties of 1858 negotiated, 238; Lord Elgin's coercive measures in securing treaty with, 241; provisions of treaties of 1858 with, 242; relative to toleration of Christianity in, 243; trade and tariff regulations negotiated and settlement of claims against, 243; United States returns part of Canton Indemnity Fund to, 244; Dr. Williams, chargé of United States legation in, 244; Ward, minister to, 245; foreign ministers arrive at Peiho on way to exchange ratifications with, 246; exchange of Russian treaty with, 246; Ward delayed in exchange of ratifications with, 246; battle of the Peiho and repulse of allies by, 247; allied forces retire to Shanghai after de-