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 The successor of Dr. Parker, William B. Reed, of Pennsylvania, secured his appointment mainly because of political considerations, having supported the election of Mr. Buchanan to the presidency, although of the opposite party. He was, however, a lawyer of considerable prominence, and proved in most respects fitted for his difficult duties. The title of the American representative in China had heretofore been that of commissioner,—a somewhat anomalous grade in diplomacy. In order to give Mr. Reed all the dignity and influence which might accrue from his rank, he was commissioned as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary.

In view of the threatening state of affairs in China, with England and France joined in hostilities against the empire, his instructions were prepared with much care, and set forth the attitude of the United States with precision. The objects which it was understood the allies had in view were enumerated, and stated to be in accord with those desired by the United States. These were, first, the residence of foreign ministers at Peking, reception by the emperor, and intercourse with an accredited ministry of foreign affairs; second, an extension of commercial intercourse and a better regulation of the internal tariff on imports; third, religious freedom for foreigners; and fourth, measures for better observance of treaty stipulations. The minister was directed to coöperate by peaceful means with England and France to secure these ends, but to confine his efforts to firm representations and appeals to the justice