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 GRINNELL] WHO WERE THE PADOUCA? 251

telejo, and that among the Pananas were some Frenchmen. Panana was the Spanish name for Pawnees, who had long been known to the New Mexico Spaniards, and is the name today applied to the Pawnees by all the Pueblo Indians, including the Zunis. In March 1720, Colonel Villazur was ordered to go to the Pananas and, on his way, to establish a presidio or garrison at Quartelejo. It was later decided that a presidio could not be built at Quartelejo because it was so distant in the barren plains and because it had so little wood and good water. The Apaches, who lived there, left the place in winter, because of the lack of wood, and wintered elsewhere.

Villazur set out with a force of fifty Spaniards, armed with guns, and had with him a force of Indians constantly referred to in the documents of the time as Apaches Jicarillas. Incidentally, he took with him, besides servants, a mule loaded with his own table silverware, which later, certain narrators referred to as "church plate." The expedition set out June 14, 1720, and on September 6, Tamariz, a soldier, reached Santa Fe with the news that the command had been destroyed.

A Pawnee slave among the Apaches had been taken along by Villazur as guide and, after sixty-two days' march from Santa Fe, the company reached a large river August I5th. There was a Panana village on the north bank of the river and Villazur sent his Pawnee man to the village to speak to the people ; but the man did not return. Villazur became alarmed and retreated one day south and camped on a river and in the night advanced again and camped on a southern branch of the river where the Pawnees were. The next morning he was attacked with "volleys of musketry and arrows." His Apaches fled and presently such of the Spaniards as were left alive also ran off. Forty Spaniards, including Villazur and probably the priest, were killed, and about ten escaped and reached Taos. The Spaniards declared that there were Frenchmen with the Pawnees. This story is well known and has often been told.

Under date of July 20, 1721, Bienville, then Governor of Loui- siana, wrote a letter declaring that two hundred Spaniards and a

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