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 250 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 22, 1920

The Caddoan people, visited in 1719 near the junction of the two forks of the Canadian, spoke to La Harpe and du Tisne of Padouca villages on the Arkansas, the Cimarron, and the Canadian, east of the Spanish settlements.

We have always been taught that the Padouca were Comanche, but, in fact, were they so?

The term, so far as I know, is not used by the Spaniards, who were more likely to speak of las 'gentiles Cumanches, as in documents quoted by Bandelier. 1 Bandelier says that between the years 1700 and 1705 the Utes brought the Comanches first down into New Mexico at the pueblo of Taos. Up to this time the Utes and different bands of Apaches are the only gentiles wild Indians mentioned in the plains to the north and east of the New Mexico frontier. The Spanish documents quoted by Bandelier in the same paper seem to show that there were Apaches living toward the plains east of the most northerly Spanish settlements. In 1719, the Apaches Jicarillas lived at a place called Jicarilla about thirty miles from Taos and about one hundred miles from Santa Fe, somewhere near the head of the Canadian river. Bancroft (History of New Mexico, p. 239) says that in 1724 this settlement was attacked by Comanches who carried off half the women and children and killed all the rest of the inhabitants. The Apache village called Quar- telejo was one hundred forty miles north by east of Jicarilla. About 1748, the remnant of these Apaches was driven by the Comanche to take shelter at the Taos and Pecos pueblos. . Bandelier says that Quartelejo was about three hundred miles northeast of Santa Fe and believes it was in western Kansas near the southern line of Nebraska. The documents state that the distance was carefully reckoned demarcado. Every Spanish expedition had with it a man who carefully reckoned each day's march and set down the distance. The site of Quartelejo is thought to have been identified recently in Scott county, Kansas.

In 1719, Don Antonio Valverde Cossio, Governor in New Mexico, made an expedition to Quartelejo and there heard of those Pananas who lived on a great river seventy leagues north of Quar-

1 Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, vol. v, p. 184.

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