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 732 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s., i, 1899

The Four Stages of Esthetic Culture

These stages are well represented in the fine arts, which are music, graphics, drama, romance, and poetry. The course of this evolution we have already set forth to the extent necessary to this argument.

We have shown that the stages of development in music are rhythm, melody, harmony, and symphony. In graphic art they are outlining, relief, perspective, and chiaroscuro. In drama they are dance, sacrifice, ceremony, and histrionic art. In romance they are beast fable, power myth, necromancy, and novels. In poetry they are personification, similitude, allegory, and trope.

The Four Stages of Industrial Culture

The four stages of industrial culture we have shown to be the hunter stage, the agricultural stage, the artisan stage, and the machinery stage, by setting forth the transmutations which these agencies have produced in society.

In like manner we shall briefly revert to four stages of culture in languages, and also in opinions, and shall attempt to correlate them with savagery, barbarism, monarchy, and republickism. It hardly seems necessary to call attention to the concomitancy of the five fundamental elements of culture, but simply to affirm that they are connate and that there can be no pleasure without welfare, and no welfare without justice, and no justice without expression, and no expression without opinion.

ETHICS

There is a fallacy in the reasoning of primeval man which has produced what has come to be known as the ghost theory. The notion of consciousness as a reified property independent of the body is the first-born of those fallacies which constitute the foun- dation of metaphysic. But primeval man did not discriminate consciousness from cognition ; so that the fallacy was rather the

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