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�� ��720 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s„ i, 1899

When men are gathered into cities, the land which they culti- q vate extends far outside their walls, and the animals which they

domesticate are pastured on distant hills. In the stage which we are now discussing, slaves are employed as artisans in the city, f.q and they are also employed as agricultural laborers and herdsmen

\\ in the country. Their employment in this manner requires sur-

veillance lest they escape. To prevent their escape and to relieve the constant watchfulness of their masters, it becomes necessary to give them many inducements to remain and labor; this is ac- complished by giving them an interest in the soil and an interest > in the flocks and herds, and by promoting their domestic life.

\ Thus slaves become clients. Sometimes whole tribes are con-

quered and employed as clients to cultivate their own lands. Thus captives become serfs attached to the soil, and the title to the serfs passes with the title to the soil.

Still the conquering city may reduce other tribes to vassalage and require of them annual tribute, but permit them to con- tinue in the pursuit of happiness and welfare by their ancient \ methods subject only to the collection of tribute. Sometimes

the tribute may be in men, and is furnished to the armies of the conqueror.

5 It is thus in monarchy that various forms of servitude are


 * found, as family servants, as clients, as serfs, as vassals, and chat-

tel slavery itself is common.

In tribal society the integration of bodies politic is mainly by treaty agreement for offensive and defensive purposes, for this seems to be the method of organizing confederacies ; but in monarchical society much integration is accomplished through conquest by which foreign peoples are reduced to subordinate f positions impelled by ambition. They may be made slaves by

( 1 the greed for gold, but they may be made subjects by the ambi-

tion to rule. Such subject provinces must pay tribute, and usu-

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��(| • ally the tribute-bearing people must be subject to rulers who are

jlj themselves subject to the central government, as members of the

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