Page:American Anthropologist NS vol. 1.djvu/787

 7>6 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s„ i, 1899

orator entertains the people, and here the men do their weaving and the women their basket work. The kiva is the general place of rendezvous.

In barbarism, where all the units of regimentation are fully developed, there are families, gentes, tribes, and confederacies, and for every unit there is a system of worship, and the high priest of the unit is the elder-man or chief of the unit; worship is thus specialized. The hearth of the family is the altar of the family. The place of worship of the gens is the kiva or prytaneum. The kiva of the chief of the tribe is usually the kiva of the tribe. But sometimes the tribe has a special kiva independent of that of the gentes and we call it the temple ; the chief of the confederacy is also the chief of the leading tribe, and the kiva of the confederacy may thus become the kiva of the tribe, but usually confederacies only have temples. Thus three places of worship may always be recognized in barbaric society. On the hearth-stone worship is performed by oblations and other ceremonies, and sometimes with paraphernalia; in the kiva worship is performed with much ceremony and with very elaborate paraphernalia, while in the temple worship is performed especially for militant purposes and is elaborate and ceremonious. I know not why four or five places of worship should not be developed in tribal society; but I have never discovered more than three, though I always discover the five kinds of worship.

When the fathers of the phratries become the elder-men or chiefs of the other units in the hierarchy of governmental units, barbaric society is fully organized and savage society is fully over- thrown. When we come to apply the criteria which we have set forth to particular tribal bodies, a difficulty arises in segregating savage bodies from barbaric bodies, for in many instances in America we find some of the characteristics of savagery and others of barbarism. Gradually a custom has grown up among the students of these societies to relegate a tribe to savagery which has the characteristics of savagery predominant, and to

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