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 Powell] SOCIOLOGY, OR THE SCIENCE OF INSTITUTIONS 493

Corporations for Welfare. — There are corporations to promote the industries of substantiation, such as farmers' clubs, organiza- tions for agricultural fairs, stock-growers' associations, and mining associations. There are corporations for the industries of con- struction, such as corporations for manufacturing, or societies for the promotion of a special class of manufacturers, such as bicycle manufacturers, men engaged in manufacturing leather goods, men engaged in manufacturing iron and steel goods, etc. Not only do the capitalists themselves organize into societies, but the laborers organize into societies ; these are usually trade unions; thus the carpenters are organized, and the locomotive engineers are organized, and all varieties of labor may be organized in like manner.

There are many corporations to promote the interest of merchants, which are partnerships to promote solidarity and societies to promote division of labor. There are corporations of publishers to promote common interest, especially in the gather- ing of news, the publication of which gives circulation to adver- tisements. I need not consider such corporations further, they are apparent on the suggestion.

Corporations for Justice. — All party organizations are designed to promote and secure justice. Individuals may have other pur- poses, as advancement in political life, but the body of people who are thus organized have justice for their purpose.

All ecclesiastical bodies are organized for the establishment and promotion of the principles of justice, but it is rather the higher principles, which are considered as ethical principles. There is another motive for ecclesiastical bodies, which is the wish to promote sound ethical principles, supposed to depend on the acceptance of sound theological doctrines. But whatever the theory of ethics may be, the ecclesiastical organization has for its purpose the control of human conduct as expressed in the principles of justice. We need but to mention these principles to see the verity of this statement. The principles or elements of

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