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 powell] TECHNOLOGY, OR THE SCIENCE OF INDUSTRIES 335

goods for consumption that others have them and offer them in exchange for money. The five elements of commerce, therefore, are goods, transportation, merchandizing, money, and advertising. Every one of these elements of commerce involves activities — the activities of producing goods, the activities of transportation, the activities of exchange, the activities of finance, and the activities of advertising. They follow in this order from the nature of qualities which are derived from properties. Nature has estab- lished the order in which properties must be considered, for Nature herself considers them in this order. Now we have to consider the five elements of commerce severally for the purpose of con- sidering the elements of which they are composed.

Goods — Goods are classified as esthetic, industrial, social, lin- guistic, and instructional.

Esthetic goods are ambrosial, decorative, athletic, gaming, and fine-art goods. These may all be reclassified in five groups. We have already seen * how the fine-arts may be classified, giving rise to goods which are musical, graphic, dramatic, romantic, and poetical. In the same manner industrial, social, linguistic, and instructional goods may be classified and reclassified. Every value which man produces becomes goods, for in its production he expends activity, which is labor, and receives in return for his labor the goods which he desires. In modern society the goods are obtained through an intermediate commodity — money — which is the measure of value and instrument of exchange.

Transportation — As men produce not for themselves but for others, and receive money in exchange which they expend for themselves, the things which they produce must be transported to the others. A man may produce an article which his next- door neighbor uses, and the transportation from one to the other is but an inconsiderable item. But the production may be a hundred or a thousand miles away ; then the transportation be-

��1 Esthctology % or the Science of Activities Designed to Give Pleasure (AMERICAN Anthropologist, n. s., vol. i, p. 16).

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