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 326 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s., i, 1899

those which are useless or injurious. Man is not content with the animals, so he improves them by zooculture and he destroys the useless and the injurious.

To designate those industries in which men engage for the purpose of producing kinds or substances, we need a technical term which will distinguish them from all other industries ; for this purpose I use the word substantiation, which must here mean the artificial production of substances for human welfare. I have sought long and far for the best term. I may not have chosen wisely, but I have chosen with all the wisdom of which I am possessed. It does not lie in the prerogative of another to reject my term when he attempts to understand my meaning, though it may be his prerogative to use another term when he desires to express the same meaning. If the distinction pointed out is a valid one, and useful for scientific purposes, a distinctive term is necessary; if the distinction is invalid or unfruitful to science, it may be neglected. Do not quarrel with me about my terms, but quarrel with me about my distinctions. If you decide that the distinctions are good, then accept my terms as they are used, still reserving the right to use better terms when you wish to set forth the same concepts.

In the transmutation of materials into products, the processes must be invented ; but the product which is sought in manufacture may be but a small part of the material used. Metals are ex- tracted from the ores, while the residuum is often valueless. Quinine is extracted from the bark of cinchona trees, and the product is very small compared with the trees. Sometimes secondary products are found still of value to mankind. From asphalt and other hydrocarbons illuminating products are manu- factured, and from the substances which do not subserve this pur- pose aniline dyes are extracted. So by invention a multitude of substances are derived which serve human purposes. Forever by art, substances are multiplied and their manufacture specialized. (1) In modern culture man produces pure air by purifying it;

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