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 322 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [n. s. t I, 1899

Finally, animals are useful to man for food, shelter, clothing, and other purposes.

Thus, tribal man utilizes all of these kinds or natural sub- stances, for which he especially develops the industries of quarry- ing (the simpler stage of mining) and agriculture for the production of natural plant products and natural animal products. Tribal man uses natural substances developed by natural chemistry ; civilized man not only uses the natural substances, but he pro- duces innumerable artificial substances by artificial chemistry.

The production of kinds or substances, whether natural or ar- tificial, leads to the distinction which we are trying to make of the class of industries which we call fundamental industries. They are those in which men engage for the purpose of producing sub- stances, whether they be natural or artificial. Fundamental in- dustries may well be called substantial industries because they produce substances.

All industries are productive industries, and the product is con- sumed. Production is thus the correlative of consumption, and correlation must be distinguished from reciprocality and from an- tithesis. Reciprocality is the double consideration of a thing as a whole or as the parts of which it is composed ; antithesis is the distinction between good and evil ; correlation is the considera- tion of relation between terms, neither one of which can be ex- punged if the relation exists. This is the distinction we must make between producing kinds and producing forms. A man may produce apples by cultivation, when he produces a kind ; when he produces cider from the apple he produces another kind or substance. A man may produce a flint by quarrying it, or he may produce it even by picking it up ; he then produces a kind of rock ; but when he makes the flint into a knife, he produces a form.

In tracing a series of transmutations from material to product, we may always reach a stage where the material is finally con- sumed or used. To use an unfamiliar but very useful term, bor-

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